This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Sarge, K D Articles by Morimoto, R I Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Sarge, K D Articles by Morimoto, R I

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Mol Cell Biol. 1993 March; 13(3): 1392-1407

Activation of heat shock gene transcription by heat shock factor 1 involves oligomerization, acquisition of DNA-binding activity, and nuclear localization and can occur in the absence of stress.

Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208.

ABSTRACT

The existence of multiple heat shock factor (HSF) genes in higher eukaryotes has promoted questions regarding the functions of these HSF family members, especially with respect to the stress response. To address these questions, we have used polyclonal antisera raised against mouse HSF1 and HSF2 to examine the biochemical, physical, and functional properties of these two factors in unstressed and heat-shocked mouse and human cells. We have identified HSF1 as the mediator of stress-induced heat shock gene transcription. HSF1 displays stress-induced DNA-binding activity, oligomerization, and nuclear localization, while HSF2 does not. Also, HSF1 undergoes phosphorylation in cells exposed to heat or cadmium sulfate but not in cells treated with the amino acid analog L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, indicating that phosphorylation of HSF1 is not essential for its activation. Interestingly, HSF1 and HSF2 overexpressed in transfected 3T3 cells both display constitutive DNA-binding activity, oligomerization, and transcriptional activity. These results demonstrate that HSF1 can be activated in the absence of physiological stress and also provide support for a model of regulation of HSF1 and HSF2 activity by a titratable negative regulatory factor.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Anestis, A., Portner, H. O., Lazou, A., Michaelidis, B. (2008). Metabolic and molecular stress responses of sublittoral bearded horse mussel Modiolus barbatus to warming sea water: implications for vertical zonation. J. Exp. Biol. 211: 2889-2898 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Akerfelt, M., Henriksson, E., Laiho, A., Vihervaara, A., Rautoma, K., Kotaja, N., Sistonen, L. (2008). Promoter ChIP-chip analysis in mouse testis reveals Y chromosome occupancy by HSF2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 11224-11229 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Singh, I. S., Gupta, A., Nagarsekar, A., Cooper, Z., Manka, C., Hester, L., Benjamin, I. J., He, J.-r., Hasday, J. D. (2008). Heat Shock Co-Activates Interleukin-8 Transcription. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 39: 235-242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wilkerson, D. C., Murphy, L. A., Sarge, K. D. (2008). Interaction of HSF1 and HSF2 with the Hspa1b Promoter in Mouse Epididymal Spermatozoa. Biol. Reprod. 79: 283-288 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hwang, S. O., Boswell, S. A., Seo, J.-S., Lee, S. W. (2008). Novel Oxidative Stress-responsive Gene ERS25 Functions as a Regulator of the Heat-shock and Cell Death Response. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 13063-13069 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dokladny, K., Ye, D., Kennedy, J. C., Moseley, P. L., Ma, T. Y. (2008). Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress-Induced Up-Regulation of Occludin Protein Expression: Regulatory Role of Heat Shock Factor-1. Am. J. Pathol. 172: 659-670 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murapa, P., Gandhapudi, S., Skaggs, H. S., Sarge, K. D., Woodward, J. G. (2007). Physiological Fever Temperature Induces a Protective Stress Response in T Lymphocytes Mediated by Heat Shock Factor-1 (HSF1). J. Immunol. 179: 8305-8312 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Melling, C. W. J., Thorp, D. B., Milne, K. J., Krause, M. P., Noble, E. G. (2007). Exercise-mediated regulation of Hsp70 expression following aerobic exercise training. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 293: H3692-H3698 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Skaggs, H. S., Xing, H., Wilkerson, D. C., Murphy, L. A., Hong, Y., Mayhew, C. N., Sarge, K. D. (2007). HSF1-TPR Interaction Facilitates Export of Stress-induced HSP70 mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 33902-33907 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jacobs, A. T., Marnett, L. J. (2007). Heat Shock Factor 1 Attenuates 4-Hydroxynonenal-mediated Apoptosis: CRITICAL ROLE FOR HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 INDUCTION AND STABILIZATION OF Bcl-XL. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 33412-33420 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anestis, A., Lazou, A., Portner, H. O., Michaelidis, B. (2007). Behavioral, metabolic, and molecular stress responses of marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis during long-term acclimation at increasing ambient temperature. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 293: R911-R921 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nagy, E., Balogi, Z., Gombos, I., Akerfelt, M., Bjorkbom, A., Balogh, G., Torok, Z., Maslyanko, A., Fiszer-Kierzkowska, A., Lisowska, K., Slotte, P. J., Sistonen, L., Horvath, I., Vigh, L. (2007). Hyperfluidization-coupled membrane microdomain reorganization is linked to activation of the heat shock response in a murine melanoma cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 7945-7950 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hashikawa, N., Yamamoto, N., Sakurai, H. (2007). Different Mechanisms Are Involved in the Transcriptional Activation by Yeast Heat Shock Transcription Factor through Two Different Types of Heat Shock Elements. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 10333-10340 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ostling, P., Bjork, J. K., Roos-Mattjus, P., Mezger, V., Sistonen, L. (2007). Heat Shock Factor 2 (HSF2) Contributes to Inducible Expression of hsp Genes through Interplay with HSF1. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 7077-7086 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rajesh, A., Sagar, R., Singh, S., Kumar, R., Sharma, A. K., Prasad, J., Singh, S., Gupta, M., Sharma, R. K., Puri, S. C., Krishna, B., Siddiqui, M. S., Lahiri, S. S., Tripathi, R. P., Qazi, G. N. (2007). Cytoprotective Effect of Podophyllum hexandrum Against Gamma Radiation is Mediated via Hemopoietic System Stimulation and Up-Regulation of Heme-oxygenase-1 and the Prosurvival Multidomain Protein Bcl-2. Integr Cancer Ther 6: 54-65 [Abstract]  
• Staib, J. L., Quindry, J. C., French, J. P., Criswell, D. S., Powers, S. K. (2007). Increased temperature, not cardiac load, activates heat shock transcription factor 1 and heat shock protein 72 expression in the heart. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292: R432-R439 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jolly, C., Lakhotia, S. C. (2006). Human sat III and Drosophila hsr{omega} transcripts: a common paradigm for regulation of nuclear RNA processing in stressed cells. Nucleic Acids Res 34: 5508-5514 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Veereshwarayya, V., Kumar, P., Rosen, K. M., Mestril, R., Querfurth, H. W. (2006). Differential Effects of Mitochondrial Heat Shock Protein 60 and Related Molecular Chaperones to Prevent Intracellular beta-Amyloid-induced Inhibition of Complex IV and Limit Apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 29468-29478 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shabtay, A., Arad, Z. (2006). Reciprocal activation of HSF1 and HSF3 in brain and blood tissues: is redundancy developmentally related?. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291: R566-R572 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• MILLER, G., MITTLER, R. (2006). Could Heat Shock Transcription Factors Function as Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors in Plants?. ANN BOT (LOND) 98: 279-288 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Shilova, V. Y., Garbuz, D. G., Myasyankina, E. N., Chen, B., Evgen'ev, M. B., Feder, M. E., Zatsepina, O. G. (2006). Remarkable Site Specificity of Local Transposition Into the Hsp70 Promoter of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 173: 809-820 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Westerheide, S. D., Kawahara, T. L. A., Orton, K., Morimoto, R. I. (2006). Triptolide, an Inhibitor of the Human Heat Shock Response That Enhances Stress-induced Cell Death. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 9616-9622 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chang, Y., Ostling, P., Akerfelt, M., Trouillet, D., Rallu, M., Gitton, Y., El Fatimy, R., Fardeau, V., Le Crom, S., Morange, M., Sistonen, L., Mezger, V. (2006). Role of heat-shock factor 2 in cerebral cortex formation and as a regulatorof p35 expression.. Genes Dev. 20: 836-847 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Singh, H., Erkine, A. M., Kremer, S. B., Duttweiler, H. M., Davis, D. A., Iqbal, J., Gross, R. R., Gross, D. S. (2006). A Functional Module of Yeast Mediator That Governs the Dynamic Range of Heat-Shock Gene Expression. Genetics 172: 2169-2184 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hashikawa, N., Mizukami, Y., Imazu, H., Sakurai, H. (2006). Mutated Yeast Heat Shock Transcription Factor Activates Transcription Independently of Hyperphosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 3936-3942 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anckar, J., Hietakangas, V., Denessiouk, K., Thiele, D. J., Johnson, M. S., Sistonen, L. (2006). Inhibition of DNA Binding by Differential Sumoylation of Heat Shock Factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26: 955-964 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tchenio, T., Havard, M., Martinez, L. A., Dautry, F. (2006). Heat Shock-Independent Induction of Multidrug Resistance by Heat Shock Factor 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26: 580-591 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, X., Khaleque, M. A., Zhao, M. J., Zhong, R., Gaestel, M., Calderwood, S. K. (2006). Phosphorylation of HSF1 by MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase 2 on Serine 121, Inhibits Transcriptional Activity and Promotes HSP90 Binding. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 782-791 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Papaconstantinou, M., Wu, Y., Pretorius, H. N., Singh, N., Gianfelice, G., Tanguay, R. M., Campos, A. R., Bedard, P.-A. (2005). Menin Is a Regulator of the Stress Response in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 9960-9972 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, H. P., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Suh, G. Y., Benjamin, I. J., Ryter, S. W., Choi, A. M. K. (2005). Heat Shock Protein-70 Mediates the Cytoprotective Effect of Carbon Monoxide: Involvement of p38{beta} MAPK and Heat Shock Factor-1. J. Immunol. 175: 2622-2629 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Conde, R., Xavier, J., McLoughlin, C., Chinkers, M., Ovsenek, N. (2005). Protein Phosphatase 5 Is a Negative Modulator of Heat Shock Factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 28989-28996 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hagg, U., Johansson, M. E., Gronros, J., Naylor, A. S., Jonsdottir, I. H., Bergstrom, G., Svensson, P.-A., Gan, L.-m. (2005). Gene expression profile and aortic vessel distensibility in voluntarily exercised spontaneously hypertensive rats: potential role of heat shock proteins. Physiol. Genomics 22: 319-326 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Awasthi, N., Wagner, B. J. (2005). Upregulation of Heat Shock Protein Expression by Proteasome Inhibition: An Antiapoptotic Mechanism in the Lens. IOVS 46: 2082-2091 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jiang, H.-Y., Wek, R. C. (2005). Phosphorylation of the {alpha}-Subunit of the Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 (eIF2{alpha}) Reduces Protein Synthesis and Enhances Apoptosis in Response to Proteasome Inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 14189-14202 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, S.-A, Yoon, J.-H., Lee, S.-H., Ahn, S.-G. (2005). Polo-like Kinase 1 Phosphorylates Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 and Mediates Its Nuclear Translocation during Heat Stress. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 12653-12657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gaikwad, A., Poblenz, A., Haridas, V., Zhang, C., Duvic, M., Gutterman, J. (2005). Triterpenoid Electrophiles (Avicins) Suppress Heat Shock Protein-70 and X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins in Malignant Cells by Activation of Ubiquitin Machinery: Implications for Proapoptotic Activity. Clin. Cancer Res. 11: 1953-1962 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rieger, T. R., Morimoto, R. I., Hatzimanikatis, V. (2005). Mathematical Modeling of the Eukaryotic Heat-Shock Response: Dynamics of the hsp70 Promoter. Biophys. J 88: 1646-1658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Westerheide, S. D., Bosman, J. D., Mbadugha, B. N. A., Kawahara, T. L. A., Matsumoto, G., Kim, S., Gu, W., Devlin, J. P., Silverman, R. B., Morimoto, R. I. (2004). Celastrols as Inducers of the Heat Shock Response and Cytoprotection. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 56053-56060 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, X., Grammatikakis, N., Siganou, A., Stevenson, M. A., Calderwood, S. K. (2004). Interactions between Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase 1, 14-3-3{epsilon}, and Heat Shock Factor 1 during Stress. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 49460-49469 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Metz, A., Soret, J., Vourc'h, C., Tazi, J., Jolly, C. (2004). A key role for stress-induced satellite III transcripts in the relocalization of splicing factors into nuclear stress granules. J. Cell Sci. 117: 4551-4558 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, Y., Theriault, J. R., He, H., Gong, J., Calderwood, S. K. (2004). Expression of a Dominant Negative Heat Shock Factor-1 Construct Inhibits Aneuploidy in Prostate Carcinoma Cells*. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 32651-32659 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fiorenza, M. T., Bevilacqua, A., Canterini, S., Torcia, S., Pontecorvi, M., Mangia, F. (2004). Early Transcriptional Activation of the Hsp70.1 Gene by Osmotic Stress in One-Cell Embryos of the Mouse. Biol. Reprod. 70: 1606-1613 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hashikawa, N., Sakurai, H. (2004). Phosphorylation of the Yeast Heat Shock Transcription Factor Is Implicated in Gene-Specific Activation Dependent on the Architecture of the Heat Shock Element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24: 3648-3659 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boellmann, F., Guettouche, T., Guo, Y., Fenna, M., Mnayer, L., Voellmy, R. (2004). DAXX interacts with heat shock factor 1 during stress activation and enhances its transcriptional activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 4100-4105 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xing, H., Mayhew, C. N., Cullen, K. E., Park-Sarge, O.-K., Sarge, K. D. (2004). HSF1 Modulation of Hsp70 mRNA Polyadenylation via Interaction with Symplekin. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 10551-10555 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Trinklein, N. D., Murray, J. I., Hartman, S. J., Botstein, D., Myers, R. M. (2004). The Role of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 in the Genome-wide Regulation of the Mammalian Heat Shock Response. Mol. Biol. Cell 15: 1254-1261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jolly, C., Metz, A., Govin, J., Vigneron, M., Turner, B. M., Khochbin, S., Vourc'h, C. (2004). Stress-induced transcription of satellite III repeats. J. Cell Biol. 164: 25-33 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sandqvist, A., Sistonen, L. (2004). Nuclear stress granules: the awakening of a sleeping beauty?. J. Cell Biol. 164: 15-17 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wang, X., Grammatikakis, N., Siganou, A., Calderwood, S. K. (2003). Regulation of Molecular Chaperone Gene Transcription Involves the Serine Phosphorylation, 14-3-3{varepsilon} Binding, and Cytoplasmic Sequestration of Heat Shock Factor 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 6013-6026 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Alastalo, T.-P., Hellesuo, M., Sandqvist, A., Hietakangas, V., Kallio, M., Sistonen, L. (2003). Formation of nuclear stress granules involves HSF2 and coincides with the nucleolar localization of Hsp70. J. Cell Sci. 116: 3557-3570 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Inouye, S., Katsuki, K., Izu, H., Fujimoto, M., Sugahara, K., Yamada, S.-i., Shinkai, Y., Oka, Y., Katoh, Y., Nakai, A. (2003). Activation of Heat Shock Genes Is Not Necessary for Protection by Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 against Cell Death Due to a Single Exposure to High Temperatures. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 5882-5895 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hu, Y., Mivechi, N. F. (2003). HSF-1 Interacts with Ral-binding Protein 1 in a Stress-responsive, Multiprotein Complex with HSP90 in Vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 17299-17306 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Metzler, B., Abia, R., Ahmad, M., Wernig, F., Pachinger, O., Hu, Y., Xu, Q. (2003). Activation of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 in Atherosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 162: 1669-1676 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hietakangas, V., Ahlskog, J. K., Jakobsson, A. M., Hellesuo, M., Sahlberg, N. M., Holmberg, C. I., Mikhailov, A., Palvimo, J. J., Pirkkala, L., Sistonen, L. (2003). Phosphorylation of Serine 303 Is a Prerequisite for the Stress-Inducible SUMO Modification of Heat Shock Factor 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 2953-2968 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gothard, L. Q., Ruffner, M. E., Woodward, J. G., Park-Sarge, O.-K., Sarge, K. D. (2003). Lowered Temperature Set Point for Activation of the Cellular Stress Response in T-lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 9322-9326 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ahn, S.-G., Thiele, D. J. (2003). Redox regulation of mammalian heat shock factor 1 is essential for Hsp gene activation and protection from stress. Genes Dev. 17: 516-528 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Buckley, B. A., Hofmann, G. E. (2002). Thermal acclimation changes DNA-binding activity of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) in the goby Gillichthys mirabilis: implications for plasticity in the heat-shock response in natural populations. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 3231-3240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• O'Brien, M. L., Cunningham, M. L., Spear, B. T., Glauert, H. P. (2002). Peroxisome Proliferators Do Not Activate the Transcription Factors AP-1, Early Growth Response-1, or Heat Shock Factors 1 and 2 in Rats or Hamsters. Toxicol Sci 69: 139-148 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hofmann, G. E., Buckley, B. A., Place, S. P., Zippay, M. L. (2002). Molecular Chaperones in Ectothermic Marine Animals: Biochemical Function and Gene Expression. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42: 808-814 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nishizawa, J., Nakai, A., Komeda, M., Ban, T., Nagata, K. (2002). Increased preload directly induces the activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 in the left ventricular overloaded heart. Cardiovasc Res 55: 341-348 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, H.-J., Song, E. J., Lee, K.-J. (2002). Proteomic Analysis of Protein Phosphorylations in Heat Shock Response and Thermotolerance. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 23193-23207 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tachibana, T., Astumi, S., Shioda, R., Ueno, M., Uritani, M., Ushimaru, T. (2002). A Novel Non-conventional Heat Shock Element Regulates Expression of MDJ1 Encoding a DnaJ Homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 22140-22146 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sasaki, H., Sato, T., Yamauchi, N., Okamoto, T., Kobayashi, D., Iyama, S., Kato, J., Matsunaga, T., Takimoto, R., Takayama, T., Kogawa, K., Watanabe, N., Niitsu, Y. (2002). Induction of Heat Shock Protein 47 Synthesis by TGF-{beta} and IL-1{beta} Via Enhancement of the Heat Shock Element Binding Activity of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1. J. Immunol. 168: 5178-5183 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xu, H., Ito, T., Tawada, A., Maeda, H., Yamanokuchi, H., Isahara, K., Yoshida, K., Uchiyama, Y., Asari, A. (2002). Effect of Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides on the Expression of Heat Shock Protein 72. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 17308-17314 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sonna, L. A., Fujita, J., Gaffin, S. L., Lilly, C. M. (2002). Molecular Biology of Thermoregulation: Invited Review: Effects of heat and cold stress on mammalian gene expression. J. Appl. Physiol. 92: 1725-1742 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Buckley, B. A., Owen, M.-E., Hofmann, G. E. (2002). Adjusting the thermostat: the threshold induction temperature for the heat-shock response in intertidal mussels (genus Mytilus) changes as a function of thermal history. J. Exp. Biol. 204: 3571-3579 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jolly, C., Konecny, L., Grady, D. L., Kutskova, Y. A., Cotto, J. J., Morimoto, R. I., Vourc'h, C. (2002). In vivo binding of active heat shock transcription factor 1 to human chromosome 9 heterochromatin during stress. J. Cell Biol. 156: 775-781 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tomanek, L., Somero, G. N. (2002). Interspecific- and acclimation-induced variation in levels of heat-shock proteins 70 (hsp70) and 90 (hsp90) and heat-shock transcription factor-1 (HSF1) in congeneric marine snails (genus Tegula): implications for regulation of hsp gene expression. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 677-685 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Singh, I. S., He, J.-R., Calderwood, S., Hasday, J. D. (2002). A High Affinity HSF-1 Binding Site in the 5'-Untranslated Region of the Murine Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Gene Is a Transcriptional Repressor. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 4981-4988 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tai, L.-J., McFall, S. M., Huang, K., Demeler, B., Fox, S. G., Brubaker, K., Radhakrishnan, I., Morimoto, R. I. (2002). Structure-Function Analysis of the Heat Shock Factor-binding Protein Reveals a Protein Composed Solely of a Highly Conserved and Dynamic Coiled-coil Trimerization Domain. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 735-745 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mathew, A., Mathur, S. K., Jolly, C., Fox, S. G., Kim, S., Morimoto, R. I. (2001). Stress-Specific Activation and Repression of Heat Shock Factors 1 and 2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 7163-7171 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hong, Y., Rogers, R., Matunis, M. J., Mayhew, C. N., Goodson, M., Park-Sarge, O.-K., Sarge, K. D. (2001). Regulation of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 by Stress-induced SUMO-1 Modification. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 40263-40267 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Snoeckx, L. H. E. H., Cornelussen, R. N., Van Nieuwenhoven, F. A., Reneman, R. S., Van der Vusse, G. J. (2001). Heat Shock Proteins and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 81: 1461-1497 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fishelson, Z., Hochman, I., Greene, L. E., Eisenberg, E. (2001). Contribution of heat shock proteins to cell protection from complement-mediated lysis. Int Immunol 13: 983-991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Heimbach, J. K., Reznikov, L. L., Calkins, C. M., Robinson, T. N., Dinarello, C. A., Harken, A. H., Meng, X. (2001). TNF receptor I is required for induction of macrophage heat shock protein 70. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 281: C241-C247 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• PIRKKALA, L., NYKANEN, P., SISTONEN, L. (2001). Roles of the heat shock transcription factors in regulation of the heat shock response and beyond. FASEB J. 15: 1118-1131 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rokutan, K., Miyoshi, M., Teshima, S., Kawai, T., Kawahara, T., Kishi, K. (2000). Phenylarsine oxide inhibits heat shock protein 70 induction in cultured guinea pig gastric mucosal cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 279: C1506-C1515 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ovelgonne, J H, Koninkx, J F J G, Pusztai, A, Bardocz, S, Kok, W, Ewen, S W B, Hendriks, H G C J M, van Dijk, J E (2000). Decreased levels of heat shock proteins in gut epithelial cells after exposure to plant lectins. Gut 46: 680-688 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pirkkala, L., Alastalo, T.-P., Zuo, X., Benjamin, I. J., Sistonen, L. (2000). Disruption of Heat Shock Factor 1 Reveals an Essential Role in the Ubiquitin Proteolytic Pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 2670-2675 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de la Serna, I. L., Carlson, K. A., Hill, D. A., Guidi, C. J., Stephenson, R. O., Sif, S., Kingston, R. E., Imbalzano, A. N. (2000). Mammalian SWI-SNF Complexes Contribute to Activation of the hsp70 Gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 2839-2851 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Singh, I. S., Viscardi, R. M., Kalvakolanu, I., Calderwood, S., Hasday, J. D. (2000). Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Transcription in Macrophages Exposed to Febrile Range Temperature. A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR HEAT SHOCK FACTOR-1 AS A NEGATIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 9841-9848 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Luna, M. C., Ferrario, A., Wong, S., Fisher, A. M. R., Gomer, C. J. (2000). Photodynamic Therapy-mediated Oxidative Stress as a Molecular Switch for the Temporal Expression of Genes Ligated to the Human Heat Shock Promoter. Cancer Res. 60: 1637-1644 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rabergh, C., Airaksinen, S, Soitamo, A, Bjorklund, H., Johansson, T, Nikinmaa, M, Sistonen, L (2000). Tissue-specific expression of zebrafish (Danio rerio) heat shock factor 1 mRNAs in response to heat stress. J. Exp. Biol. 203: 1817-1824 [Abstract]  
• Wagner, M., Hermanns, I., Bittinger, F., Kirkpatrick, C. J. (1999). Induction of stress proteins in human endothelial cells by heavy metal ions and heat shock. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 277: L1026-L1033 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tanabe, M., Sasai, N., Nagata, K., Liu, X.-D., Liu, P. C. C., Thiele, D. J., Nakai, A. (1999). The Mammalian HSF4 Gene Generates Both an Activator and a Repressor of Heat Shock Genes by Alternative Splicing. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 27845-27856 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kim, S. H., Kim, D., Han, J. S., Jeong, C. S., Chung, B. S., Kang, C. D., Li, G. C. (1999). Ku Autoantigen Affects the Susceptibility to Anticancer Drugs. Cancer Res. 59: 4012-4017 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liu, P. C. C., Thiele, D. J. (1999). Modulation of Human Heat Shock Factor Trimerization by the Linker Domain. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 17219-17225 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jolly, C., Usson, Y., Morimoto, R. I. (1999). Rapid and reversible relocalization of heat shock factor 1 within seconds to nuclear stress granules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 6769-6774 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• PIRKKALA, L., ALASTALO, T.-P., NYKÄNEN, P., SEPPÄ, L., SISTONEN, L. (1999). Differentiation lineage-specific expression of human heat shock transcription factor 2. FASEB J. 13: 1089-1098 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hong, Y., Sarge, K. D. (1999). Regulation of Protein Phosphatase 2A Activity by Heat Shock Transcription Factor 2. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 12967-12970 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhong, M., Kim, S.-J., Wu, C. (1999). Sensitivity of Drosophila Heat Shock Transcription Factor to Low pH. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 3135-3140 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mercier, P., Winegarden, N., Westwood, J. (1999). Human heat shock factor 1 is predominantly a nuclear protein before and after heat stress. J. Cell Sci. 112: 2765-2774 [Abstract]  
• Morimoto, R. I. (1998). Regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response: cross talk between a family of heat shock factors, molecular chaperones, and negative regulators. Genes Dev. 12: 3788-3796 [Full Text]  
• Zhang, Y., Koushik, S., Dai, R., Mivechi, N. F. (1998). Structural Organization and Promoter Analysis of Murine Heat Shock Transcription Factor-1 Gene. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 32514-32521 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hung, J.-J., Cheng, T.-J., Lai, Y.-K., Chang, M. D.-T. (1998). Differential Activation of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinases Confers Cadmium-induced HSP70 Expression in 9L Rat Brain Tumor Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 31924-31931 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lee, Y. J., Corry, P. M. (1998). Metabolic Oxidative Stress-induced HSP70 Gene Expression Is Mediated through SAPK Pathway. ROLE OF Bcl-2 AND c-Jun NH2-TERMINAL KINASE. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 29857-29863 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Santoro, N., Johansson, N., Thiele, D. J. (1998). Heat Shock Element Architecture Is an Important Determinant in the Temperature and Transactivation Domain Requirements for Heat Shock Transcription Factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 6340-6352 [Abstract] [Full Text]