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Mol. Cell. Biol., Sep 1995, 5131-5143, Vol 15, No. 9
G Jiang, L Nepomuceno, K Hopkins and FM Sladek
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4), a highly conserved member of the
steroid hormone receptor superfamily critical for development and liver-
specific gene expression, is very similar to another superfamily member,
retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha), in overall amino acid sequence and
DNA binding specificity. Since RXR alpha is known to heterodimerize with
many other nuclear receptors, the formation of heterodimers between HNF-4
and RXR alpha was examined. With the electrophoretic mobility shift assay,
coimmunoprecipitation, and transient transfection assays, it is shown that,
unlike other nuclear receptors, HNF-4 does not form heterodimers with RXR
alpha either in the presence or in the absence of DNA. We also show that in
vitro- translated HNF-4 does not form heterodimeric complexes on DNA with a
number of other receptors, including RXR beta, RXR gamma, retinoic acid
receptor alpha, or thyroid hormone receptor alpha. To investigate the
hypothesis that the lack of heterodimerization between HNF-4 and RXR alpha
is due to a strong homodimerization activity of HNF-4, glycerol gradient
sedimentation and kinetic analysis were used to show that HNF- 4 is in fact
a stable homodimer in solution. Finally, immunohistochemistry is used to
show that the HNF-4 protein is found exclusively in the nuclei in both
HepG2 cells, which express endogenous HNF-4, and transfected COS cells,
which overexpress HNF-4. These findings lead us to propose that HNF-4
defines a new subclass of nuclear receptors which reside primarily in the
nucleus and which bind DNA and regulate transcription as homodimers.
Copyright © 1995, American Society for Microbiology
Exclusive homodimerization of the orphan receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 defines a new subclass of nuclear receptors
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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