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Molecular and Cellular Biology, October 1998, p. 5670-5677, Vol. 18, No. 10
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Degradation of Myogenic Transcription Factor MyoD
by the Ubiquitin Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro: Regulation by
Specific DNA Binding
Ossama
Abu Hatoum,
Shlomit
Gross-Mesilaty,
Kristin
Breitschopf,
Aviad
Hoffman,
Hedva
Gonen,
Aaron
Ciechanover,* and
Eyal
Bengal
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
Received 30 April 1998/Returned for modification 2 June
1998/Accepted 25 June 1998
MyoD is a tissue-specific transcriptional activator that acts as a
master switch for skeletal muscle differentiation. Its activity is
induced during the transition from proliferating, nondifferentiated
myoblasts to resting, well-differentiated myotubes. Like many other
transcriptional regulators, it is a short-lived protein; however, the
targeting proteolytic pathway and the underlying regulatory mechanisms
involved in the process have remained obscure. It has recently been
shown that many short-lived regulatory proteins are degraded by the
ubiquitin system. Degradation of a protein by the ubiquitin system
proceeds via two distinct and successive steps, conjugation of multiple
molecules of ubiquitin to the target protein and degradation of the
tagged substrate by the 26S proteasome. Here we show that MyoD is
degraded by the ubiquitin system both in vivo and in vitro. In intact
cells, the degradation is inhibited by lactacystin, a specific
inhibitor of the 26S proteasome. Inhibition is accompanied by
accumulation of high-molecular-mass MyoD-ubiquitin conjugates. In a
cell-free system, the proteolytic process requires both ATP and
ubiquitin and, like the in vivo process, is preceded by formation of
ubiquitin conjugates of the transcription factor. Interestingly, the
process is inhibited by the specific DNA sequence to which MyoD binds:
conjugation and degradation of a MyoD mutant protein which lacks the
DNA-binding domain are not inhibited. The inhibitory effect of the DNA
requires the formation of a complex between the DNA and the MyoD
protein. Id1, which inhibits the binding of MyoD complexes to DNA,
abrogates the effect of DNA on stabilization of the protein.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Efron St., P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel. Phone:
972-4-829-5365/56/79. Fax: 972-4-851-3922. E-mail:
mdaaron{at}tx.technion.ac.il.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, October 1998, p. 5670-5677, Vol. 18, No. 10
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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