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Mol Cell Biol, February 1998, p. 790-798, Vol. 18, No. 2
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway by Conventional, Novel, and Atypical Protein Kinase C Isotypes

Dorothee C. Schönwasser,1 Richard M. Marais,2 Christopher J. Marshall,2 and Peter J. Parker1,*

Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London WC2A 3PX,1 and C.R.C. Center for Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB,2 United Kingdom

Received 24 December 1996/Returned for modification 17 March 1997/Accepted 28 October 1997

Phorbol ester treatment of quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells leads to cell proliferation, a response thought to be mediated by protein kinase C (PKC), the major cellular receptor for this class of agents. We demonstrate here that this proliferation is dependent on the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade. It is shown that dominant-negative PKC-alpha inhibits stimulation of the ERK/MAPK pathway by phorbol esters in Cos-7 cells, demonstrating a role for PKC in this activation. To assess the potential specificity of PKC isotypes mediating this process, constitutively active mutants of six PKC isotypes (alpha , beta 1, delta , varepsilon , eta , and zeta ) were employed. Transient transfection of these PKC mutants into Cos-7 cells showed that members of all three groups of PKC (conventional, novel, and atypical) are able to activate p42 MAPK as well as its immediate upstream activator, the MAPK/ERK kinase MEK-1. At the level of Raf, the kinase that phosphorylates MEK-1, the activation cascade diverges; while conventional and novel PKCs (isotypes alpha  and eta ) are potent activators of c-Raf1, atypical PKC-zeta cannot increase c-Raf1 activity, stimulating MEK by an independent mechanism. Stimulation of c-Raf1 by PKC-alpha and PKC-eta was abrogated for RafCAAX, which is a membrane-localized, partially active form of c-Raf1. We further established that activation of Raf is independent of phosphorylation at serine residues 259 and 499. In addition to activation, we describe a novel Raf desensitization induced by PKC-alpha , which acts to prevent further Raf stimulation by growth factors. The results thus demonstrate a necessary role for PKC and p42 MAPK activation in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced mitogenesis and provide evidence for multiple PKC controls acting on this MAPK cascade.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Imperial Cancer Research Fund, P.O. Box 123, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom. Phone: 171-269 3388. Fax: 171-269 3092. E-mail: parkerp{at}icrf.icnet.uk.




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  • Castrillo, A., Traves, P. G., Martin-Sanz, P., Parkinson, S., Parker, P. J., Bosca, L. (2003). Potentiation of Protein Kinase C {zeta} Activity by 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-Prostaglandin J2 Induces an Imbalance between Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and NF-{kappa}B That Promotes Apoptosis in Macrophages. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 1196-1208 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Buitrago, C. G., Pardo, V. G., de Boland, A. R., Boland, R. (2003). Activation of RAF-1 through Ras and Protein Kinase Calpha Mediates 1alpha ,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 Regulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Muscle Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 2199-2205 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Marsigliante, S, Muscella, A, Elia, M G, Greco, S, Storelli, C (2003). Angiotensin II AT1 receptor stimulates Na+-K+ ATPase activity through a pathway involving PKC-{zeta} in rat thyroid cells. J. Physiol. 546: 461-470 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kim, H.-J., Kim, J.-H., Bae, S.-C., Choi, J.-Y., Kim, H.-J., Ryoo, H.-M. (2003). The Protein Kinase C Pathway Plays a Central Role in the Fibroblast Growth Factor-stimulated Expression and Transactivation Activity of Runx2. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 319-326 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
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  • Mauro, A., Ciccarelli, C., De Cesaris, P., Scoglio, A., Bouche, M., Molinaro, M., Aquino, A., Zani, B. M. (2002). PKC{alpha}-mediated ERK, JNK and p38 activation regulates the myogenic program in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. J. Cell Sci. 115: 3587-3599 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Arcaroli, J., Yang, K.-Y., Yum, H.-K., Kupfner, J., Pitts, T. M., Park, J. S., Strassheim, D., Abraham, E. (2002). Effects of catecholamines on kinase activation in lung neutrophils after hemorrhage or endotoxemia. J. Leukoc. Biol. 72: 571-579 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tolcher, A. W., Reyno, L., Venner, P. M., Ernst, S. D., Moore, M., Geary, R. S., Chi, K., Hall, S., Walsh, W., Dorr, A., Eisenhauer, E. (2002). A Randomized Phase II and Pharmacokinetic Study of the Antisense Oligonucleotides ISIS 3521 and ISIS 5132 in Patients with Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 8: 2530-2535 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
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  • Yart, A., Roche, S., Wetzker, R., Laffargue, M., Tonks, N., Mayeux, P., Chap, H., Raynal, P. (2002). A Function for Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase beta Lipid Products in Coupling beta gamma to Ras Activation in Response to Lysophosphatidic Acid. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 21167-21178 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
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