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Mol Cell Biol, April 1998, p. 2004-2013, Vol. 18, No. 4
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Differential Effects of Light and Heat on the Drosophila Circadian Clock Proteins PER and TIM

David Sidote,1 John Majercak,2 Vaishali Parikh,3,dagger and Isaac Edery1,*

Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry1 and Biochemistry Graduate Program,2 Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, and Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,3 Piscataway, New Jersey 08854

Received 21 August 1997/Returned for modification 1 October 1997/Accepted 6 January 1998

Circadian (congruent 24-h) rhythms are governed by endogenous biochemical oscillators (clocks) that in a wide variety of organisms can be phase shifted (i.e., delayed or advanced) by brief exposure to light and changes in temperature. However, how changes in temperature reset circadian timekeeping mechanisms is not known. To begin to address this issue, we measured the effects of short-duration heat pulses on the protein and mRNA products from the Drosophila circadian clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim). Heat pulses at all times in a daily cycle elicited dramatic and rapid decreases in the levels of PER and TIM proteins. PER is sensitive to heat but not light, indicating that individual clock components can markedly differ in sensitivity to environmental stimuli. A similar resetting mechanism involving delays in the per-tim transcriptional-translational feedback loop likely underlies the observation that when heat and light signals are administered in the early night, they both evoke phase delays in behavioral rhythms. However, whereas previous studies showed that the light-induced degradation of TIM in the late night is accompanied by stable phase advances in the temporal regulation of the PER and TIM biochemical rhythms, the heat-induced degradation of PER and TIM at these times in a daily cycle results in little, if any, long-term perturbation in the cycles of these clock proteins. Rather, the initial heat-induced degradation of PER and TIM in the late night is followed by a transient and rapid increase in the speed of the PER-TIM temporal program. The net effect of these heat-induced changes results in an oscillatory mechanism with a steady-state phase similar to that of the unperturbed control situation. These findings can account for the lack of apparent steady-state shifts in Drosophila behavioral rhythms by heat pulses applied in the late night and strongly suggest that stimulus-induced changes in the speed of circadian clocks can contribute to phase-shifting responses.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, CABM, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. Phone: (732) 235-5550. Fax: (732) 235-5318. E-mail: edery{at}mbcl.rutgers.edu.

dagger Present address: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.




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