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Mol Cell Biol, August 1998, p. 4577-4588, Vol. 18, No. 8
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
A Novel Pathway for Mammary Epithelial Cell
Invasion Induced by the Helix-Loop-Helix Protein Id-1
Pierre-Yves
Desprez,1 2 *
Claudia
Qiao
Lin,1 2
Nicole
Thomasset,1
Carolyn J.
Sympson,1
Mina J.
Bissell,1 and
Judith
Campisi1
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology,
Life Sciences Division, Berkeley National Laboratory, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720,1 and
Geraldine Brush Cancer Research Institute, California
Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California
941152
Received 20 October 1997/Returned for modification 16 December
1997/Accepted 21 May 1998
Mammary epithelial cells undergo changes in growth, invasion, and
differentiation throughout much of adulthood, and most
strikingly during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Although the
pathways of milk protein expression are being elucidated,
little is known, at a molecular level, about control of mammary
epithelial cell phenotypes during normal tissue morphogenesis and
evolution of aggressive breast cancer. We developed a murine mammary
epithelial cell line, SCp2, that arrests growth and functionally
differentiates in response to a basement membrane and lactogenic
hormones. In these cells, expression of Id-1, an inhibitor of basic
helix-loop-helix transcription factors, declines prior to
differentiation, and constitutive Id-1 expression blocks
differentiation. Here, we show that SCp2 cells that constitutively
express Id-1 slowly invade the basement membrane but remain anchorage
dependent for growth and do not form tumors in nude mice. Cells
expressing Id-1 secreted a ~120-kDa gelatinase. From
inhibitor studies, this gelatinase appeared to be a
metalloproteinase, and it was the only metalloproteinase detectable in conditioned medium from these cells. A nontoxic inhibitor diminished the activity of this metalloproteinase in vitro
and repressed the invasive phenotype of Id-1-expressing cells in
culture. The implications of these findings for normal mammary-gland
development and human breast cancer were investigated. A gelatinase of
~120 kDa was expressed by the mammary gland during involution, a time
when Id-1 expression is high and there is extensive tissue remodeling.
Moreover, high levels of Id-1 expression and the activity of a
~120-kDa gelatinase correlated with a less-differentiated and
more-aggressive phenotype in human breast cancer cells. We suggest that
Id-1 controls invasion by normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial
cells, primarily through induction of a ~120-kDa gelatinase. This
Id-1-regulated invasive phenotype could contribute to involution of the
mammary gland and possibly to the development of invasive breast
cancer.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Geraldine Brush
Cancer Research Institute, Stern Building, 2330 Clay St., San
Francisco, CA 94115. Phone: (415) 561-1760. Fax: (415) 561-1390. E-mail: pdesprez{at}cooper.cpmc.org.

Present address: INSERM Unite 433, Faculte de Medecine Laennec,
69372 Lyon, France.

Present address: Searle Research and Development, Monsanto
Company, Immunology Department-AA4G, North Chesterfield, MO 63198.
Mol Cell Biol, August 1998, p. 4577-4588, Vol. 18, No. 8
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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