This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kwon, Y. T.
Right arrow Articles by Varshavsky, A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kwon, Y. T.
Right arrow Articles by Varshavsky, A.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 1999, p. 182-193, Vol. 19, No. 1
0270-7306/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Alternative Splicing Results in Differential Expression, Activity, and Localization of the Two Forms of Arginyl-tRNA-Protein Transferase, a Component of the N-End Rule Pathway

Yong Tae Kwon, Anna S. Kashina, and Alexander Varshavsky*

Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125

Received 13 August 1998/Returned for modification 21 September 1998/Accepted 6 October 1998

The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. The underlying ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system, called the N-end rule pathway, is organized hierarchically: N-terminal aspartate and glutamate (and also cysteine in metazoans) are secondary destabilizing residues, in that they function through their conjugation, by arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase (R-transferase), to arginine, a primary destabilizing residue. We isolated cDNA encoding the 516-residue mouse R-transferase, ATE1p, and found two species, termed Ate1-1 and Ate1-2. The Ate1 mRNAs are produced through a most unusual alternative splicing that retains one or the other of the two homologous 129-bp exons, which are adjacent in the mouse Ate1 gene. Human ATE1 also contains the alternative 129-bp exons, whereas the plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) and fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Ate1 genes encode a single form of ATE1p. A fusion of ATE1-1p with green fluorescent protein (GFP) is present in both the nucleus and the cytosol, whereas ATE1-2p-GFP is exclusively cytosolic. Mouse ATE1-1p and ATE1-2p were examined by expressing them in ate1Delta Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of test substrates that included Asp-beta gal (beta -galactosidase) and Cys-beta gal. Both forms of the mouse R-transferase conferred instability on Asp-beta gal (but not on Cys-beta gal) through the arginylation of its N-terminal Asp, the ATE1-1p enzyme being more active than ATE1-2p. The ratio of Ate1-1 to Ate1-2 mRNA varies greatly among the mouse tissues; it is ~0.1 in the skeletal muscle, ~0.25 in the spleen, ~3.3 in the liver and brain, and ~10 in the testis, suggesting that the two R-transferases are functionally distinct.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Biology, 147-75, Caltech, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125. Phone: (626) 395-3785. Fax: (626) 440-9821. E-mail: avarsh{at}cco.caltech.edu.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 1999, p. 182-193, Vol. 19, No. 1
0270-7306/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Tasaki, T., Zakrzewska, A., Dudgeon, D. D., Jiang, Y., Lazo, J. S., Kwon, Y. T. (2009). The Substrate Recognition Domains of the N-end Rule Pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 1884-1895 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Varshavsky, A. (2008). Discovery of Cellular Regulation by Protein Degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 34469-34489 [Full Text]  
  • Rai, R., Wong, C. C. L., Xu, T., Leu, N. A., Dong, D. W., Guo, C., McLaughlin, K. J., Yates, J. R. III, Kashina, A. (2008). Arginyltransferase regulates alpha cardiac actin function, myofibril formation and contractility during heart development. Development 135: 3881-3889 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Xia, Z., Webster, A., Du, F., Piatkov, K., Ghislain, M., Varshavsky, A. (2008). Substrate-binding Sites of UBR1, the Ubiquitin Ligase of the N-end Rule Pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 24011-24028 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lee, M. J., Pal, K., Tasaki, T., Roy, S., Jiang, Y., An, J. Y., Banerjee, R., Kwon, Y. T. (2008). Synthetic heterovalent inhibitors targeting recognition E3 components of the N-end rule pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 100-105 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tasaki, T., Sohr, R., Xia, Z., Hellweg, R., Hortnagl, H., Varshavsky, A., Kwon, Y. T. (2007). Biochemical and Genetic Studies of UBR3, a Ubiquitin Ligase with a Function in Olfactory and Other Sensory Systems. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 18510-18520 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Decca, M. B., Carpio, M. A., Bosc, C., Galiano, M. R., Job, D., Andrieux, A., Hallak, M. E. (2007). Post-translational Arginylation of Calreticulin: A NEW ISOSPECIES OF CALRETICULIN COMPONENT OF STRESS GRANULES. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 8237-8245 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hu, R.-G., Brower, C. S., Wang, H., Davydov, I. V., Sheng, J., Zhou, J., Kwon, Y. T., Varshavsky, A. (2006). Arginyltransferase, Its Specificity, Putative Substrates, Bidirectional Promoter, and Splicing-derived Isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 32559-32573 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • An, J. Y., Seo, J. W., Tasaki, T., Lee, M. J., Varshavsky, A., Kwon, Y. T. (2006). Impaired neurogenesis and cardiovascular development in mice lacking the E3 ubiquitin ligases UBR1 and UBR2 of the N-end rule pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 6212-6217 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Graciet, E., Hu, R.-G., Piatkov, K., Rhee, J. H., Schwarz, E. M., Varshavsky, A. (2006). From the Cover: Aminoacyl-transferases and the N-end rule pathway of prokaryotic/eukaryotic specificity in a human pathogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 3078-3083 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Eriste, E., Norberg, A., Nepomuceno, D., Kuei, C., Kamme, F., Tran, D.-T., Strupat, K., Jornvall, H., Liu, C., Lovenberg, T. W., Sillard, R. (2005). A Novel Form of Neurotensin Post-translationally Modified by Arginylation. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 35089-35097 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lee, M. J., Tasaki, T., Moroi, K., An, J. Y., Kimura, S., Davydov, I. V., Kwon, Y. T. (2005). RGS4 and RGS5 are in vivo substrates of the N-end rule pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 15030-15035 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tasaki, T., Mulder, L. C. F., Iwamatsu, A., Lee, M. J., Davydov, I. V., Varshavsky, A., Muesing, M., Kwon, Y. T. (2005). A Family of Mammalian E3 Ubiquitin Ligases That Contain the UBR Box Motif and Recognize N-Degrons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 7120-7136 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rai, R., Kashina, A. (2005). Identification of mammalian arginyltransferases that modify a specific subset of protein substrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 10123-10128 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Francklyn, C. (2003). tRNA synthetase paralogs: Evolutionary links in the transition from tRNA-dependent amino acid biosynthesis to de novo biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 9650-9652 [Full Text]  
  • Hamilton, M. H., Cook, L. A., McRackan, T. R., Schey, K. L., Hildebrandt, J. D. (2003). gamma 2 subunit of G protein heterotrimer is an N-end rule ubiquitylation substrate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 5081-5086 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kwon, Y. T., Kashina, A. S., Davydov, I. V., Hu, R.-G., An, J. Y., Seo, J. W., Du, F., Varshavsky, A. (2002). An Essential Role of N-Terminal Arginylation in Cardiovascular Development. Science 297: 96-99 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kwon, Y. T., Xia, Z., Davydov, I. V., Lecker, S. H., Varshavsky, A. (2001). Construction and Analysis of Mouse Strains Lacking the Ubiquitin Ligase UBR1 (E3alpha ) of the N-End Rule Pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 8007-8021 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kondrashov, F. A., Koonin, E. V. (2001). Origin of alternative splicing by tandem exon duplication. Hum Mol Genet 10: 2661-2669 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Balogh, S. A., Kwon, Y. T., Denenberg, V. H. (2000). Varying Intertrial Interval Reveals Temporally Defined Memory Deficits and Enhancements in NTAN1-Deficient Mice. Learn. Mem. 7: 279-286 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kwon, Y. T., Balogh, S. A., Davydov, I. V., Kashina, A. S., Yoon, J. K., Xie, Y., Gaur, A., Hyde, L., Denenberg, V. H., Varshavsky, A. (2000). Altered Activity, Social Behavior, and Spatial Memory in Mice Lacking the NTAN1p Amidase and the Asparagine Branch of the N-End Rule Pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 4135-4148 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kwon, Y. T., Levy, F., Varshavsky, A. (1999). Bivalent Inhibitor of the N-end Rule Pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 18135-18139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Davydov, I. V., Varshavsky, A. (2000). RGS4 Is Arginylated and Degraded by the N-end Rule Pathway in Vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 22931-22941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»