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Molecular and Cellular Biology, December 1999, p. 8158-8168, Vol. 19, No. 12
0270-7306/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

ARF6 Is Required for Growth Factor- and Rac-Mediated Membrane Ruffling in Macrophages at a Stage Distal to Rac Membrane Targeting

Qing Zhang,1 Jero Calafat,2 Hans Janssen,2 and Steven Greenberg1,*

Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032,1 and Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands2

Received 13 July 1999/Accepted 13 September 1999

Activation of Rac1, a member of the Rho family of GTPases, is associated with multiple cellular responses, including membrane ruffling and focal complex formation. The mechanisms by which Rac1 is coupled to these functional responses are not well understood. It was recently shown that ARF6, a GTPase implicated in cytoskeletal alterations and a membrane recycling pathway, is required for Rac1-dependent phagocytosis in macrophages (Q. Zhang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273:19977-19981, 1998). To determine whether ARF6 is required for Rac1-dependent cytoskeletal responses in macrophages, we expressed wild-type (WT) or guanine nucleotide binding-deficient alleles (T27N) of ARF6 in macrophages coexpressing activated alleles of Rac1 (Q61L) or Cdc42 (Q61L) or stimulated with colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). Expression of ARF6 T27N but not ARF6 WT inhibited ruffles mediated by Rac1 Q61L or CSF-1. In contrast, expression of ARF6 T27N did not inhibit Rac1 Q61L-mediated focal complex formation and did not impair Cdc42 Q61L-mediated filopodial formation. Cryoimmunogold electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of ARF6 in membrane ruffles induced by either CSF-1 or Rac1 Q61L. Addition of CSF-1 to macrophages led to the redistribution of ARF6 from the interior of the cell to the plasma membrane, suggesting that this growth factor triggers ARF6 activation. Direct targeting of Rac1 to the plasma membrane did not bypass the blockade in ruffling induced by ARF6 T27N, indicating that ARF6 regulates a pathway leading to membrane ruffling that occurs after the activation and membrane association of Rac. These data demonstrate that intact ARF6 function is required for coupling activated Rac to one of several effector pathways and suggest that a principal function of ARF6 is to coordinate Rac activation with plasma membrane-based protrusive events.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Columbia University, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology/PH8C, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032. Phone: (212) 305-1586. Fax: (212) 305-1146. E-mail: greenberg{at}cuccfa.ccc.columbia.edu.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, December 1999, p. 8158-8168, Vol. 19, No. 12
0270-7306/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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