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Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 1999, p. 4918-4926, Vol. 19, No. 7
0270-7306/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Homeoproteins CDP and SATB1 Interact: Potential for Tissue-Specific Regulation

Jinqi Liu,¹ Anna Barnett,^1, Ellis J. Neufeld,² and Jaquelin P. Dudley^1,*

Department of Microbiology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,¹ and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115²

Received 11 November 1998/Returned for modification 9 February 1999/Accepted 29 March 1999

Homeoproteins are known to participate in development and cell type specification. The homeoproteins CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) and special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1) have been shown to bind to nuclear matrix-associated regions and to act as repressors of many cellular genes. Moreover, binding of SATB1 to the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter region dramatically affects the tissue-specific transcription of this retrovirus. Because protein-protein interactions are a common means of regulating homeoprotein function, we tested whether SATB1 and CDP interact in vivo and in vitro. SATB1 interacted with CDP through its DNA-binding domain, as demonstrated by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. GST pull-down assays also showed that CDP associated with SATB1 through three of its four DNA-binding domains (CR1, CR2, and the homeodomain). SATB1-specific antisera, but not preimmune sera, precipitated CDP from nuclear extracts, and CDP-specific antisera precipitated SATB1 from the same extracts. Far-Western blotting detected interaction of SATB1 and CDP in several different tissue extracts. Association of purified SATB1 and CDP in vitro resulted in the inability of each protein to bind to DNA in gel retardation assays. CDP overexpression in cultured T cells led to a loss of detectable SATB1 binding to the MMTV promoter region, as measured by gel shift experiments. CDP overexpression also elevated MMTV long terminal repeat reporter gene activity in transient-transfection assays, a result consistent with neutralization of the SATB1 repressor function in T cells. SATB1 is very abundant in certain tissues, particularly thymus, whereas CDP is relatively ubiquitous, except in certain terminally differentiated cell types. Because of the tissue and cell type distribution of SATB1 and CDP, we propose that the SATB1-to-CDP ratio in different tissues is a novel mechanism for homeoproteins to control gene expression and differentiation in mammals.

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^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dept. of Microbiology, ESB 226, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1095. Phone: (512) 471-8415. Fax: (512) 471-7088. E-mail: jdudley{at}uts.cc.utexas.edu.

Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.

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Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 1999, p. 4918-4926, Vol. 19, No. 7
0270-7306/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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