Nuclear Entry of the Circadian Regulator mPER1 Is Controlled by Mammalian Casein Kinase I varepsilon

doi:10.1128/MCB.20.13.4888-4899.2000

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Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 2000, p. 4888-4899, Vol. 20, No. 13
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Nuclear Entry of the Circadian Regulator mPER1 Is Controlled by Mammalian Casein Kinase I $epsilon$

Erica Vielhaber,¹ Erik Eide,¹ Ann Rivers,¹ Zhong-Hua Gao,¹ and David M. Virshup¹^,²^,^*

Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute,¹ and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics,² University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Received 15 December 1999/Returned for modification 1 February 2000/Accepted 29 March 2000

The molecular oscillator that keeps circadian time is generated by a negative feedback loop. Nuclear entry of circadian regulatoryproteins that inhibit transcription from E-box-containing promotersappears to be a critical component of this loop in both Drosophilaand mammals. The Drosophila double-time gene product, a caseinkinase I $varepsilon$ (CKI $varepsilon$ ) homolog, has been reported to interact withdPER and regulate circadian cycle length. We find that mammalianCKI $varepsilon$ binds to and phosphorylates the murine circadian regulatormPER1. Unlike both dPER and mPER2, mPER1 expressed alone in HEK293 cells is predominantly a nuclear protein. Two distinct mechanismsappear to retard mPER1 nuclear entry. First, coexpression of mPER2leads to mPER1-mPER2 heterodimer formation and cytoplasmic colocalization.Second, coexpression of CKI $varepsilon$ leads to masking of the mPER1 nuclearlocalization signal and phosphorylation-dependent cytoplasmicretention of both proteins. CKI $varepsilon$ may regulate mammalian circadianrhythm by controlling the rate at which mPER1 enters thenucleus.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Oncological Sciences, 5C334 School of Medicine, 50 N. Medical Dr., Universityof Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132. Phone: (801) 585-3408. Fax:(801) 585-0900. E-mail: david.virshup{at}hci.utah.edu.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 2000, p. 4888-4899, Vol. 20, No. 13
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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