Polarized Growth Controls Cell Shape and Bipolar Bud Site Selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

doi:10.1128/MCB.20.14.5235-5247.2000

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Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 2000, p. 5235-5247, Vol. 20, No. 14
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Polarized Growth Controls Cell Shape and Bipolar Bud Site Selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yi-Jun Sheu, Yves Barral, and Michael Snyder^*

Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103

Received 22 November 1999/Returned for modification 7 February 2000/Accepted 15 March 2000

We examined the relationship between polarized growth and division site selection, two fundamental processes important forproper development of eukaryotes. Diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiaecells exhibit an ellipsoidal shape and a specific division pattern(a bipolar budding pattern). We found that the polarity genesSPA2, PEA2, BUD6, and BNI1 participate in a crucial step of budmorphogenesis, apical growth. Deleting these genes results inround cells and diminishes bud elongation in mutants that exhibitpronounced apical growth. Examination of distribution of the polarizedsecretion marker Sec4 demonstrates that spa2 $Delta$ , pea2 $Delta$ , bud6 $Delta$ , andbni1 $Delta$ mutants fail to concentrate Sec4 at the bud tip during apicalgrowth and at the division site during repolarization just priorto cytokinesis. Moreover, cell surface expansion is not confinedto the distal tip of the bud in these mutants. In addition, wefound that the p21-activated kinase homologue Ste20 is also importantfor both apical growth and bipolar bud site selection. We furtherexamined how the duration of polarized growth affects bipolarbud site selection by using mutations in cell cycle regulatorsthat control the timing of growth phases. The grr1 $Delta$ mutation enhancesapical growth by stabilizing G₁ cyclins and increases the distal-polebudding in diploids. Prolonging polarized growth phases by disruptingthe G₂/M cyclin gene CLB2 enhances the accuracy of bud site selectionin wild-type, spa2 $Delta$ , and ste20 $Delta$ cells, whereas shortening thepolarized growth phases by deleting SWE1 decreases the fidelityof bipolar budding. This study reports the identification of componentsrequired for apical growth and demonstrates the critical roleof polarized growth in bipolar bud site selection. We proposethat apical growth and repolarization at the site of cytokinesisare crucial for establishing spatial cues used by diploid yeastcells to position divisionplanes.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O.Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103. Phone: (203) 432-6139. Fax:(203) 432-6161. E-mail: Michael.Snyder{at}yale.edu.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 2000, p. 5235-5247, Vol. 20, No. 14
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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