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Molecular and Cellular Biology, December 2000, p. 8855-8865, Vol. 20, No. 23
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Macrophages Require Constitutive NF-
B Activation To Maintain
A1 Expression and Mitochondrial Homeostasis
Lisa J.
Pagliari,1,2
Harris
Perlman,1
Hongtao
Liu,1 and
Richard M.
Pope1,*
Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Medicine,1 and Integrated Graduate
Program in the Life Sciences,2 Northwestern
University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
Received 29 August 2000/Accepted 5 September 2000
NF-
B is a critical mediator of macrophage inflammatory
responses, but its role in regulating macrophage survival has yet to be
elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that constitutive NF-
B activation
is essential for macrophage survival. Blocking the constitutive activation of NF-
B with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or
expression of I
B
induced apoptosis in macrophagelike RAW 264.7 cells and primary human macrophages. This apoptosis
was independent of additional death-inducing stimuli, including Fas ligation. Suppression of NF-
B activation induced a
time-dependent loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential
(
m) and DNA fragmentation. Examination of initiator
caspases revealed the cleavage of caspase 9 but not caspase 8 or the
effector caspase 3. Addition of a general caspase inhibitor, z-VAD.fmk,
or a specific caspase 9 inhibitor reduced DNA fragmentation but had no
effect on 
m collapse, indicating this event was
caspase independent. To determine the pathway leading to mitochondrial
dysfunction, analysis of Bcl-2 family members established that only A1
mRNA levels were reduced prior to 
m loss and that
ectopic expression of A1 protected against cell death
following inactivation of NF-
B. These data suggest that inhibition of NF-
B in macrophages initiates caspase
3-independent apoptosis through reduced A1 expression and
mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, constitutive NF-
B
activation preserves macrophage viability by maintaining A1 expression
and mitochondrial homeostasis.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division
of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University
Medical School and the Chicagoland Veterans Administration
Medical Center, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Ward 3-315, Chicago, IL 60611. Phone: (312) 503-8003. Fax: (312) 503-0994. E-mail:
RMP158{at}nwu.edu.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, December 2000, p. 8855-8865, Vol. 20, No. 23
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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