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Molecular and Cellular Biology, December 2000, p. 9247-9261, Vol. 20, No. 24
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Inhibitory Regulation of Rac Activation, Membrane Ruffling, and Cell Migration by the G Protein-Coupled Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor EDG5 but Not EDG1 or EDG3

Hiroyuki Okamoto,1,2 Noriko Takuwa,1 Takehiko Yokomizo,3 Naotoshi Sugimoto,1 Soutaro Sakurada,1 Hiroshi Shigematsu,2 and Yoh Takuwa1,*

Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa,1 and Departments of Vascular Surgery2 and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,3 University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Received 18 April 2000/Returned for modification 25 May 2000/Accepted 25 September 2000

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that induces a variety of biological responses in diverse cell types. Many, if not all, of these responses are mediated by members of the EDG (endothelial differentiation gene) family G protein-coupled receptors EDG1, EDG3, and EDG5 (AGR16). Among prominent activities of S1P is the regulation of cell motility; S1P stimulates or inhibits cell motility depending on cell types. In the present study, we provide evidence for EDG subtype-specific, contrasting regulation of cell motility and cellular Rac activity. In CHO cells expressing EDG1 or EDG3 (EDG1 cells or EDG3 cells, respectively) S1P as well as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) induced chemotaxis and membrane ruffling in phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase- and Rac-dependent manners. Both S1P and IGF I induced a biphasic increase in the amount of the GTP-bound active form of Rac. In CHO cells expressing EDG5 (EDG5 cells), IGF I similarly stimulated cell migration; however, in contrast to what was found for EDG1 and EDG3 cells, S1P did not stimulate migration but totally abolished IGF I-directed chemotaxis and membrane ruffling, in a manner dependent on a concentration gradient of S1P. In EDG5 cells, S1P stimulated PI 3-kinase activity as it did in EDG1 cells but inhibited the basal Rac activity and totally abolished IGF I-induced Rac activation, which involved stimulation of Rac-GTPase-activating protein activity rather than inhibition of Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange activity. S1P induced comparable increases in the amounts of GTP-RhoA in EDG3 and EDG5 cells. Neither S1P nor IGF I increased the amount of GTP-bound Cdc42. However, expression of N17-Cdc42, but not N19-RhoA, suppressed S1P- and IGF I-directed chemotaxis, suggesting a requirement for basal Cdc42 activity for chemotaxis. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that EDG5 is the first example of a hitherto-unrecognized type of receptors that negatively regulate Rac activity, thereby inhibiting cell migration and membrane ruffling.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Physiology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan. Phone: 81-76-265-2165. Fax: 81-76-234-4223. E-mail: ytakuwa{at}med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, December 2000, p. 9247-9261, Vol. 20, No. 24
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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