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Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 2001, p. 524-533, Vol. 21, No. 2
0270-7306/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/MCB.21.2.524-533.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Id Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins Antagonize Pax Transcription Factor Activity by Inhibiting DNA Binding

E. Claire Roberts,1,dagger Richard W. Deed,2 Toshiaki Inoue,3 John D. Norton,2,3 and Andrew D. Sharrocks1,*

Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH,1 Cancer Research Campaign Department of Gene Regulation, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 9BX,2 and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ,3 United Kingdom

Received 26 October 2000/Accepted 1 November 2000

The Id subfamily of helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The major mechanism by which Id proteins are thought to inhibit differentiation is through interaction with other HLH proteins and inhibition of their DNA-binding activity. However, Id proteins have also been shown to interact with other proteins involved in regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation, suggesting a more widespread regulatory function. In this study we demonstrate functional interactions between Id proteins and members of the Pax-2/-5/-8 subfamily of paired-domain transcription factors. Members of the Pax transcription factor family have key functions in regulating several developmental processes exemplified by B lymphopoiesis, in which Pax-5 plays an essential role. Id proteins bind to Pax proteins in vitro and in vivo. Binding occurs through the paired DNA-binding domain of the Pax proteins and results in the disruption of DNA-bound complexes containing Pax-2, Pax-5, and Pax-8. In vivo, Id proteins modulate the transcriptional activity mediated by Pax-5 complexes on the B-cell-specific mb-1 promoter. Our results therefore demonstrate a novel facet of Id function in regulating cellular differentiation by functionally antagonizing the action of members of the Pax transcription factor family.


* Corresponding author. Present address: School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom. Phone: 0044-161 275 5979. Fax: 0044-161 275 5082. E-mail: a.d.sharrocks{at}man.ac.uk.

dagger Present address: Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff CF1 3US, United Kingdom.


Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 2001, p. 524-533, Vol. 21, No. 2
0270-7306/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/MCB.21.2.524-533.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.



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