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Molecular and Cellular Biology, October 2001, p. 6820-6832, Vol. 21, No. 20
0270-7306/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.21.20.6820-6832.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Use of Chromatin Immunoprecipitation To Clone Novel
E2F Target Promoters
Amy S.
Weinmann,1
Stephanie M.
Bartley,1
Theresa
Zhang,2
Michael Q.
Zhang,2 and
Peggy J.
Farnham1,*
McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research,
University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison,
Wisconsin,1 and Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York2
Received 9 May 2001/Returned for modification 25 June 2001/Accepted 5 July 2001
We have taken a new approach to the identification of E2F-regulated
promoters. After modification of a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,
we cloned nine chromatin fragments which represent both strong and weak
in vivo E2F binding sites. Further characterization of three of the
cloned fragments revealed that they are bound in vivo not only by E2Fs
but also by members of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein
family and by RNA polymerase II, suggesting that these fragments
represent promoters regulated by E2F transcription complexes. In fact,
database analysis indicates that all three fragments correspond to
genomic DNA located just upstream of start sites for previously
identified mRNAs. One clone, ChET 4, corresponds to the promoter
region for beclin 1, a candidate tumor suppressor protein. We
demonstrate that another of the clones, ChET 8, is strongly bound by
E2F family members in vivo but does not contain a consensus E2F binding
site. However, this fragment functions as a promoter whose activity can
be repressed by E2F1. Finally, we demonstrate that the ChET 9 promoter
contains a consensus E2F binding site, can be activated by E2F1, and
drives expression of an mRNA that is upregulated in colon and liver
tumors. Interestingly, the characterized ChET promoters do not display
regulation patterns typical of known E2F target genes in a U937 cell
differentiation system. In summary, we have provided evidence that
chromatin immunoprecipitation can be used to identify E2F-regulated
promoters which contain both consensus and nonconsensus binding sites
and have shown that not all E2F-regulated promoters show identical
expression profiles.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: The McArdle
Laboratory for Cancer Research, The University of Wisconsin Medical
School, 1400 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706. Phone: (608) 262-2071. Fax: (608) 262-2824. E-mail: farnham{at}oncology.wisc.edu.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, October 2001, p. 6820-6832, Vol. 21, No. 20
0270-7306/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.21.20.6820-6832.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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