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Molecular and Cellular Biology, September 2003, p. 6396-6405, Vol. 23, No. 18
0270-7306/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MCB.23.18.6396-6405.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of p53 Is Essential for MDM2-Mediated Cytoplasmic Degradation but Not Ubiquitination

Kevin O'Keefe, Huiping Li, and Yanping Zhang*

Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009

Received 30 December 2002/ Returned for modification 25 February 2003/ Accepted 18 June 2003

As a shuttling protein, p53 is constantly transported through the nuclear pore complex. p53 nucleocytoplasmic transport is carried out by a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) located at its C-terminal domain and two nuclear export signals (NES) located in its N- and C-terminal regions, respectively. The role of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in p53 ubiquitination and degradation has been a subject of debate. Here we show that the two basic amino acid groups in the p53 bipartite NLS function collaboratively to import p53. Mutations disrupting individual amino acids in the NLS, although causing accumulation of p53 in the cytoplasm to various degrees, reduce but do not eliminate the NLS activity, and these mutants remain sensitive to MDM2 degradation. However, disrupting both parts of the bipartite NLS completely blocks p53 from entering the nucleus and causes p53 to become resistant to MDM2-mediated degradation. Similarly, mutations disrupting four conserved hydrophobic amino acids in the p53 C-terminal NES block p53 export and prohibit it from MDM2 degradation. We also show that colocalization of a nonshuttling p53 with MDM2 either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm is sufficient for MDM2-induced p53 polyubiquitination but not degradation. Our data provide new insight into the mechanism and regulation of p53 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and degradation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009. Phone: (713) 792-8969. Fax: (713) 792-8969. E-mail: ypzhang{at}mdanderson.org.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, September 2003, p. 6396-6405, Vol. 23, No. 18
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MCB.23.18.6396-6405.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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