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Molecular and Cellular Biology, May 2004, p. 4395-4406, Vol. 24, No. 10
0270-7306/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MCB.24.10.4395-4406.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Nuclear Export of Phosphorylated Galectin-3 Regulates Its Antiapoptotic Activity in Response to Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute,¹ Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201,³ Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,² Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030⁴

Received 4 November 2003/ Returned for modification 8 January 2004/ Accepted 18 February 2004

Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the ß-galactoside binding protein family containing the NWGR antideath motif of the Bcl-2 protein family, is involved in various aspects of cancer progression. Previously, it has been shown that the antiapoptotic activity of Gal-3 is regulated by the phosphorylation at Ser⁶ by casein kinase 1 (CK1). Here we questioned how phosphorylation at Ser⁶ regulates Gal-3 function. We have generated serine-to-alanine (S6A) and serine-to-glutamic acid (S6E) Gal-3 mutants and transfected them into the BT-549 human breast carcinoma cell line, which does not express Gal-3. BT-549 cell clones expressing wild-type (wt) and mutant Gal-3 were exposed to chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs. In response to the apoptotic insults, phosphorylated wt Gal-3 was exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and protected the BT-549 cells from drug-induced apoptosis while nonphosphorylated mutant Gal-3 neither was exported from the nucleus nor protected BT-549 cells from drug-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, leptomycin B, a nuclear export inhibitor, increased the cisplatin-induced apoptosis of Gal-3 expressing BT-549 cells. These results suggest that Ser⁶ phosphoryaltion acts as a molecular switch for its cellular translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and, as a result, regulates the antiapoptotic activity of Gal-3.

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