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Molecular and Cellular Biology, April 2005, p. 3040-3055, Vol. 25, No. 8
0270-7306/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.25.8.3040-3055.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Adaptive Myogenesis under Hypoxia

Zhong Yun,1* Qun Lin,1 and Amato J. Giaccia2*

Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California2

Received 2 July 2004/ Returned for modification 24 August 2004/ Accepted 18 January 2005

Previous studies have indicated that myoblasts can differentiate and repair muscle injury after an ischemic insult. However, it is unclear how hypoxia or glucose deprivation in the ischemic microenvironment affects myoblast differentiation. We have found that myogenesis can adapt to hypoxic conditions. This adaptive mechanism is accompanied by initial inhibition of the myoD, E2A, and myogenin genes followed by resumption of their expression in an oxygen-dependent manner. The regulation of myoD transcription by hypoxia is correlated with transient deacetylation of histones associated with the myoD promoter. It is noteworthy that, unlike the differentiation of other cell types such as preadipocytes or chondroblasts, the effect of hypoxia on myogenesis is independent of HIF-1, a ubiquitous regulator of transcription under hypoxia. While myogenesis can also adapt to glucose deprivation, the combination of severe hypoxia and glucose deprivation found in an ischemic environment results in pronounced loss of myoblasts. Our studies indicate that the ischemic muscle can be repaired via the adaptive differentiation of myogenic precursors, which depends on the levels of oxygen and glucose in the ischemic microenvironment.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address for A. J. Giaccia: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., CCSR-1250, Stanford, CA 94305. Phone: (650) 723-7366. Fax: (650) 723-7382. E-mail: giaccia{at}stanford.edu. Mailing address for Z. Yun: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., HRT-221, New Haven, CT 06510. Phone: (203) 737-2183. Fax: (203) 785-6309. E-mail:zhong.yun{at}yale.edu.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, April 2005, p. 3040-3055, Vol. 25, No. 8
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.25.8.3040-3055.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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