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Molecular and Cellular Biology, October 2006, p. 7211-7223, Vol. 26, No. 19
0270-7306/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.02341-05
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Intracellular Role for Sphingosine Kinase 1 in Intestinal Adenoma Cell Proliferation

Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology,¹ Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030,⁵ Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Molecular and Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,² Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609,³ Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan,⁴ Genetics of Disease and Development Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892⁶

Received 7 December 2005/ Returned for modification 6 January 2006/ Accepted 6 July 2006

Sphingosine kinase (Sphk) enzymes are important in intracellular sphingolipid metabolism as well as in the biosynthesis of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), an extracellular lipid mediator. Here, we show that Sphk1 is expressed and is required for small intestinal tumor cell proliferation in Apc^Min/+ mice. Adenoma size but not incidence was dramatically reduced in Apc^Min/+ Sphk^–/– mice. Concomitantly, epithelial cell proliferation in the polyps was significantly attenuated, suggesting that Sphk1 regulates adenoma progression. Although the S1P receptors (S1P1R, S1P2R, and S1P3R) are expressed, polyp incidence or size was unaltered in Apc^Min/+ S1p2r^–/–, Apc^Min/+ S1p3r^–/–, and Apc^Min/+ S1p1r^+/– bigenic mice. These data suggest that extracellular S1P signaling via its receptors is not involved in adenoma cell proliferation. Interestingly, tissue sphingosine content was elevated in the adenomas of Apc^Min/+ Sphk1^–/– mice, whereas S1P levels were not significantly altered. Concomitantly, epithelial cell proliferation and the expression of the G₁/S cell cycle regulator CDK4 and c-myc were diminished in the polyps of Apc^Min/+ Sphk1^–/– mice. In rat intestinal epithelial (RIE) cells in vitro, Sphk1 overexpression enhanced cell cycle traverse at the G₁/S boundary. In addition, RIE cells treated with sphingosine but not C6-ceramide exhibited reduced cell proliferation, reduced retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) expression. Our findings suggest that Sphk1 plays a critical role in intestinal tumor cell proliferation and that inhibitors of Sphk1 may be useful in the control of intestinal cancer.

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