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Molecular and Cellular Biology, March 2006, p. 2408-2418, Vol. 26, No. 6
0270-7306/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.26.6.2408-2418.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Posttranslational Regulation of Tristetraprolin Subcellular Localization and Protein Stability by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathways

Matthew Brook,¹ Carmen R. Tchen,¹ Tomas Santalucia,^1, Joanne McIlrath,² J. Simon C. Arthur,² Jeremy Saklatvala,¹ and Andrew R. Clark^1*

Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH,¹ MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom²

Received 26 August 2005/ Returned for modification 5 October 2005/ Accepted 22 December 2005

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, acting through the downstream kinase MK2, regulates the stability of many proinflammatory mRNAs that contain adenosine/uridine-rich elements (AREs). It is thought to do this by modulating the expression or activity of ARE-binding proteins that regulate mRNA turnover. MK2 phosphorylates the ARE-binding and mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin (TTP) at serines 52 and 178. Here we show that the p38 MAPK pathway regulates the subcellular localization and stability of TTP protein. A p38 MAPK inhibitor causes rapid dephosphorylation of TTP, relocalization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and degradation by the 20S/26S proteasome. Hence, continuous activity of the p38 MAPK pathway is required to maintain the phosphorylation status, cytoplasmic localization, and stability of TTP protein. The regulation of both subcellular localization and protein stability is dependent on MK2 and on the integrity of serines 52 and 178. Furthermore, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway synergizes with the p38 MAPK pathway to regulate both stability and localization of TTP. This effect is independent of kinases that are known to be synergistically activated by ERK and p38 MAPK. We present a model for the actions of TTP and the p38 MAPK pathway during distinct phases of the inflammatory response.

Present address: Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Rosselló 161, 6 planta 08036, Barcelona, Spain.

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