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Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 2007, p. 5147-5160, Vol. 27, No. 14
0270-7306/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.02429-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha{triangledown}

K. E. Sullivan,1* A. B. M. Reddy,1 K. Dietzmann,1 A. R. Suriano,1 V. P. Kocieda,1 M. Stewart,2 and M. Bhatia2

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,1 Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Biochemistry Department, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada2

Received 29 December 2006/ Returned for modification 26 February 2007/ Accepted 3 May 2007

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-{alpha}) is a potent cytokine which regulates inflammation via the induction of adhesion molecules and chemokine expression. Its expression is known to be regulated in a complex manner with transcription, message turnover, message splicing, translation, and protein cleavage from the cell surface all being independently regulated. This study examined both cell lines and primary cells to understand the developmental regulation of epigenetic changes at the TNF-{alpha} locus. We demonstrate that epigenetic modifications of the TNF-{alpha} locus occur both developmentally and in response to acute stimulation and, importantly, that they actively regulate expression. DNA demethylates early in development, beginning with the hematopoietic stem cell. The TNF-{alpha} locus migrates from heterochromatin to euchromatin in a progressive fashion, reaching euchromatin slightly later in differentiation. Finally, histone modifications characteristic of a transcriptionally competent gene occur with myeloid differentiation and progress with differentiation. Additional histone modifications characteristic of active gene expression are acquired with stimulation. In each case, manipulation of these epigenetic variables altered the ability of the cell to express TNF-{alpha}. These studies demonstrate the importance of epigenetic regulation in the control of TNF-{alpha} expression. These findings may have relevance for inflammatory disorders in which TNF-{alpha} is overproduced.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th St. and Civic Ctr. Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104. Phone: (215) 590-1697. Fax: (215) 590-3044. E-mail: sullivak{at}mail.med.upenn.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 21 May 2007.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, July 2007, p. 5147-5160, Vol. 27, No. 14
0270-7306/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.02429-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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