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Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 2007, p. 721-731, Vol. 27, No. 2
0270-7306/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.01628-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The RNA Polymerase II Kinase Ctk1 Regulates Positioning of a 5' Histone Methylation Boundary along Genes {triangledown},{dagger}

Tiaojiang Xiao,1 Yoichiro Shibata,1 Bhargavi Rao,2 R. Nicholas Laribee,1 Rose O'Rourke,3 Michael J. Buck,3 Jack F. Greenblatt,4 Nevan J. Krogan,5 Jason D. Lieb,2,3 and Brian D. Strahl1,2*

Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260,1 Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology,2 Department of Biology and Carolina Center for the Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260,3 Department of Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6,4 Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 941435

Received 31 August 2006/ Returned for modification 5 October 2006/ Accepted 24 October 2006

In yeast and other eukaryotes, the histone methyltransferase Set1 mediates methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me). This modification marks the 5' end of transcribed genes in a 5'-to-3' tri- to di- to monomethyl gradient and promotes association of chromatin-remodeling and histone-modifying enzymes. Here we show that Ctk1, the serine 2 C-terminal domain (CTD) kinase for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), regulates H3K4 methylation. We found that CTK1 deletion nearly abolished H3K4 monomethylation yet caused a significant increase in H3K4 di- and trimethylation. Both in individual genes and genome-wide, loss of CTK1 disrupted the H3K4 methylation patterns normally observed. H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 spread 3' into the bodies of genes, while H3K4 monomethylation was diminished. These effects were dependent on the catalytic activity of Ctk1 but are independent of Set2-mediated H3K36 methylation. Furthermore, these effects are not due to spurious transcription initiation in the bodies of genes, to changes in RNAP II occupancy, to changes in serine 5 CTD phosphorylation patterns, or to "transcriptional stress." These data show that Ctk1 acts to restrict the spread of H3K4 methylation through a mechanism that is independent of a general transcription defect. The evidence presented suggests that Ctk1 controls the maintenance of suppressive chromatin in the coding regions of genes by both promoting H3K36 methylation, which leads to histone deacetylation, and preventing the 3' spread of H3K4 trimethylation, a mark associated with transcriptional initiation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 405 Mary Ellen Jones, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260. Phone: (919) 843-3896. Fax: (919) 966-2852. E-mail: brian_strahl{at}med.unc.edu.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mcb.asm.org/.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 6 November 2006.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 2007, p. 721-731, Vol. 27, No. 2
0270-7306/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.01628-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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