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Molecular and Cellular Biology, February 2008, p. 1007-1017, Vol. 28, No. 3
0270-7306/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.00224-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Glucose Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Binding Are Required for the Protective Effects of Hexokinases I and II{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Lin Sun, Shetha Shukair, Tejaswitha Jairaj Naik, Farzad Moazed, and Hossein Ardehali*

Feinberg Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

Received 6 February 2007/ Returned for modification 5 April 2007/ Accepted 5 November 2007

Alterations in glucose metabolism have been demonstrated for diverse disorders ranging from heart disease to cancer. The first step in glucose metabolism is carried out by the hexokinase (HK) family of enzymes. HKI and II can bind to mitochondria through their N-terminal hydrophobic regions, and their overexpression in tissue culture protects against cell death. In order to determine the relative contributions of mitochondrial binding and glucose-phosphorylating activities of HKs to their overall protective effects, we expressed full-length HKI and HKII, their truncated proteins lacking the mitochondrial binding domains, and catalytically inactive proteins in tissue culture. The overexpression of full-length proteins resulted in protection against cell death, decreased levels of reactive oxygen species, and possibly inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition in response to H2O2. However, the truncated and mutant proteins exerted only partial effects. Similar results were obtained with primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The HK proteins also resulted in an increase in the phosphorylation of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) through a protein kinase C{varepsilon} (PKC{varepsilon})-dependent pathway. These results suggest that both glucose phosphorylation and mitochondrial binding contribute to the protective effects of HKI and HKII, possibly through VDAC phosphorylation by PKC{varepsilon}.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Tarry 12-725, 303 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. Phone: (312) 503-2296. Fax: (312) 503-0137. E-mail: h-ardehali{at}northwestern.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 26 November 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mcb.asm.org/.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, February 2008, p. 1007-1017, Vol. 28, No. 3
0270-7306/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.00224-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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