INTRODUCTION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion References

Cells rely on molecular chaperones to facilitate the folding of nascent polypeptides, prevent protein aggregation, and enable proper inter- and intramolecular interactions. Indispensable in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5) and Drosophila melanogaster (13), Hsp90 is one of the most abundant and highly conserved chaperones. In vitro, Hsp90 displays general chaperone properties by preventing the aggregation of proteins such as citrate synthase (52) and casein kinase II (30) and by maintaining -galactosidase (21) in a folding-competent state. In vivo, however, Hsp90 is not required for the folding of most proteins (33) but instead plays a key role in the maturation of a small subset of proteins typically involved in signal transduction (3, 32, 42). It is needed for the maturation of certain steroid hormone receptors (40, 43, 44), basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (45), serine/threonine kinases (30, 41, 50, 51), and oncogenic tyrosine kinases (7). Depending on the particular substrate, the interactions with Hsp90 required for maturation can be transient or continuous (32).

In some cases, the role of the Hsp90 machinery is also regulatory. For example, while the chaperone is required to fold glucocorticoid receptor (GR) into its mature, ligand-responsive conformation, it also ensures that the receptor remains in an inactive state in the absence of ligand (3, 6, 8). Similarly, the association of Hsp90 with newly synthesized oncogenic tyrosine kinase pp60^v-src keeps the kinase inactive until it dissociates from Hsp90 (7).

Recent discoveries have revealed additional regulatory roles for Hsp90 in signal transduction. For example, in endothelial cells, the induction of nitric oxide production elicits the binding of Hsp90 to nitric oxide synthase, increasing the activity of the enzyme (23). We have shown that Hsp90 and the Hsp90-associated cyclophilin 40 (Cyp40)-type enzyme Cpr7 are required for negative regulation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF) in S. cerevisiae (reference 17 and this report), revealing that some components of the Hsp90 machinery participate in regulation of the heat shock response.

Hsp90 is assisted in its various roles by a cohort of associated proteins including the chaperones Hsp70 and DnaJ, the immunophilins Cyp40, FKBP51, and FKBP52, and other, less well characterized proteins, including Hop (p60), Hip (p48), p23, and PP5, a protein phosphatase with immunophilin properties (4, 25, 38, 42, 46, 48). The Hsp90-associated proteins are highly conserved among eukaryotes, and the composition of Hsp90 heterocomplexes is also generally conserved (9). In vitro reconstitution studies of steroid receptor maturation have shown that the components of Hsp90 complexes are assembled in an ordered, multistep process (31, 38). This pathway involves a dynamic association of Hsp90, Hsp70, p60, and p48 at early or intermediate stages, while the final mature complex contains Hsp90, lower levels of Hsp70, p23, and an immunophilin (47). The mature complex enables the steroid receptor to achieve a conformation responsive to ligand stimulation.

The immunophilins associated with Hsp90 harbor peptidyl-prolyl isomerase domains and constitute two distinct families: FKBPs and cyclophilins, which are capable of binding the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and cyclosporin A, respectively (22, 29, 38). In addition to an isomerase domain, the Hsp90-associated immunophilins also contain three tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs. TPRs are involved in protein-protein interactions (27), and the immunophilins interact with Hsp90 via these domains (38). Biochemical experiments have shown that only a single species of TPR-containing protein is found in association with a particular Hsp90 complex (27, 36). Furthermore, binding to Hsp90 by the immunophilins appears to be competitive, providing support for the hypothesis that Hsp90 dimers generate a single TPR-accepting pocket (27, 36, 39).

S. cerevisiae harbors two genes, CPR6 and CPR7, that encode Cyp40-type cyclophilins (18). Bolstered by biochemical evidence showing that conservation of Hsp90 heterocomplexes between mammals and S. cerevisiae includes the presence of Cyp40-type cyclophilins (9), we showed that both Cpr6 and Cpr7 can interact directly with Hsp90 (Hsp82) (16). Although both Cpr6 and Cpr7 are components of Hsp90 heterocomplexes, Cpr7 appears to be functionally distinct from Cpr6, as cells that harbor a null allele of CPR7 exhibit a slow-growth defect not observed with cpr6 cells (18). In fact, S. cerevisiae cells lacking all eight of the cyclophilin genes exhibit only the slow-growth phenotype conferred by the cpr7 mutation (15). Two lines of evidence indicate that the physical association between Cpr7 and the Hsp90 machinery reflects a functional relationship. First, cells devoid of Cpr7 exhibit decreased Hsp90-dependent functions including decreased activity of the heterologous Hsp90 substrates GR and the oncogenic kinase pp60^v-src. Second, mutations such as hsc82 and sti1, which decrease Hsp90 activity but do not by themselves impair growth, result in a severe growth defect in cells lacking CPR7 (16). Surprisingly, a derivative of Cpr7 lacking the isomerase domain retains the ability to interact with Hsp90 and is sufficient to restore Cpr7-dependent functions to cpr7 cells (16, 19).

To better understand the role(s) of Cpr7 in the function of the Hsp90 chaperone and the requirement for Cpr7 in normal growth, we pursued the analysis of suppressors of the cpr7 slow-growth phenotype. The isolation and analysis of spontaneous suppressors identified three unlinked genes (50a). Here we describe a multicopy suppressor encoded by the essential open reading frame (ORF) YBR155w, which we have designated CNS1 (for cyclophilin seven suppressor). We show that overexpression of CNS1 restores multiple Cpr7-dependent activities to cpr7 cells. Biochemical evidence indicating that Cns1 is a new component of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery is also presented.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

Top Abstract Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion References

Strains and plasmids. All S. cerevisiae strains used are derivatives of W303 background (leu2-112 ura3-1 trp1-1 his3-11,15 ade2-1 can1-100 GAL SUC2) except for YBR155w/YBR12.05 (MATa/ cns1::LEU2/CNS1 trp1/trp1 ura3/ura3 his3/his3 leu2/leu2; gift of T. Miosga), GPD::HSP82FP (MATa can1 ade2 leu2 his3 trp1 ura3 hsc82::LEU2 hsp82::LEU2 [pTGPD-H-Hsp82^FP]; gift of S. Lindquist), and PJ69-4a (MATa trp1-901 leu2-3, 112 ura3-52 his3-200 gal4 gal80 LYS2::GAL1-HIS3 GAL2-ADE2 met2::GAL7-lacZ; gift of P. James and E. Craig) (26). Strains harboring deletions for HSC82, STI1, and/or CPR7 have been described previously (16, 18).

Screen for multicopy suppressors of cpr7 slow growth. hsc82 cpr7 cells were transformed with plasmid DNA from a URA3-marked multicopy library of S. cerevisiae genomic inserts and plated to selective media. Rapidly growing transformant colonies were picked and, after streaking, assessed for growth rate by comparing colony sizes to those of control cells treated similarly. The rapid growth rate of the candidates was analyzed for plasmid dependency by plating to media containing 5-fluoro-orotic acid. Candidates that exhibited a return to the slow growth rate of hsc82 cpr7 cells on 5-fluoro-orotic acid were analyzed further. Plasmid DNA from positive candidates was rescued by transformation in Escherichia coli and reintroduced into cpr7 hsc82 and cpr7 recipients to confirm the ability to suppress the growth defect of these cells. Plasmids demonstrating an ability to suppress cpr7 slow-growth phenotypes were sequenced at the junction of the genomic insert and analyzed by using BLAST and the Saccharomyces genome database.

GR activity assay. Wild-type and cpr7 cells were transformed with the GR expression plasmid p2A/GRGZ, which harbors the lacZ gene under the control of glucocorticoid response elements (32). A multicopy CNS1 plasmid, pJM107 or pJM25 (p2µ-CNS1; isolated from the genomic library described above), was introduced into these cells. Cells harboring either control plasmids or the multicopy CNS1 plasmids were assayed for -galactosidase activity as described previously (16, 19).

HSF activity assay. Wild-type and cpr7 cells harboring the HSF-dependent reporter construct pHSE2-lacZ were transformed with the multicopy CNS1 plasmid pJM111. Logarithmically growing cultures were lysed and assayed for -galactosidase activity as previously described (17).

Protein retention assays. Cell lysis for the protein retention assays was performed as follows. Logarithmically growing cultures of these cells were harvested, washed, and suspended in lysis buffer (LyB; 10 mM Tris [pH 7.3], 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 20% [wt/vol] glycerol, 1 mM dithiothreitol, aprotinin [0.4 µg/ml; Sigma], leupeptin [0.4 µg/ml; Sigma], antipain [0.5 µg/ml; Sigma], 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Cells were lysed by using acid-washed beads (B. Braun Biotech International) with six cycles of vortexing for 30 s followed by placement on ice for 60 s. Lysates were cleared by centrifugation, and protein concentrations were measured by using Bio-Rad protein assay reagents.

hsc82 hsp82

Two-hybrid analysis. A modified two-hybrid system designed by James et al. (26) was used to investigate interactions between Cns1 and Hsp90. This system utilizes three reporter genes (LYS2::GAL1-HIS3 GAL2-ADE2, and met2::GAL7-lacZ) to detect protein-protein interactions. Plasmid pJM123 expressing the bait GAL4BD (GAL4 DNA binding domain)-Cns1-3HA was transformed into the two-hybrid reporter strains PJ69-4a and HKY140 (a cpr7::TRP1 derivative of PJ69-4a). A prey construct expressing GAL4AD-Hsp82C (a fusion between the Gal4 activation domain and the last 182 amino acids of Hsp82) was isolated from a yeast genomic two-hybrid library and transformed into PJ69-4a and HKY140, both harboring pJM123. PJ69-4a and HKY140 cells containing both the Cns1 bait (pJM123) and Hsp82C prey plasmids exhibited the His⁺ Ade⁺ LacZ⁺ phenotype that resulted from activation of all three reporter genes. Cells harboring either bait or prey plasmids alone were His Ade, although they expressed low levels of -galactosidase. Liquid -galactosidase assays were conducted as described above.

	RESULTS

Top Abstract Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion References

Screen for multicopy suppressors of the cpr7 slow-growth phenotype. Cpr7 is a component of the Hsp90 machinery and is required for normal growth (16, 18). In contrast, deletion of HSC82, one of the two S. cerevisiae genes encoding Hsp90, does not affect the growth rate of cells at normal temperatures even though the level of Hsp90 is reduced by 90% (5). However, the cpr7 slow-growth phenotype is greatly exacerbated upon deletion of HSC82 (16). We took advantage of the severe growth phenotype of hsc82 cpr7 cells to identify genes whose overexpression could suppress the growth defect associated with the loss of Cpr7. hsc82 cpr7 cells were transformed with plasmid DNA from a multicopy S. cerevisiae library, and transformants that exhibited plasmid-dependent rapid growth (Fig. 1A) were retained for analysis. The plasmids harbored by the rapidly growing colonies were rescued, reintroduced into cpr7 hsc82 and cpr7 cells to confirm their ability to suppress the cpr7-dependent growth phenotypes, and sequenced to identify the genomic region responsible for the suppression phenotype.

View larger version (57K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1.   Overexpression of CNS1 suppresses the slow-growth phenotype of cpr7 hsc82 and cpr7 cells. cpr7 hsc82 and cpr7 cells harboring multicopy CNS1 plasmids were streaked to selective medium and incubated for 2 days at 30°C. (A) A multicopy plasmid containing the genomic region encompassing CNS1/YBR155w is able to suppress the slow growth of cpr7 hsc82 cells. Wild-type (HSC82 CPR7) and hsc82 cpr7 control cells harbor vectors only. (B) Suppression of slow-growth phenotype of cpr7 cells by a multicopy CNS1 plasmid (pJM111). Wild-type and cpr7 control cells harbor vectors only.

hsc82 cpr7

hsc82 cpr7

ybr155w

ybr155w

cpr7 hsc82

cpr7 hsc82

sti1 cpr7

sti1 cpr7

Overexpression of CNS1 can suppress other cpr7 phenotypes. In addition to its role in normal growth, Cpr7 is required for full activity of heterologously expressed Hsp90 substrates such as GR (16). To test the breadth of Cns1 involvement in Cpr7-dependent functions, pJM107, a URA3-marked multicopy plasmid expressing CNS1 was introduced into cpr7 recipient cells that express the heterologous GR and harbor the glucocorticoid response element GRE-lacZ reporter construct p2A/GRGZ. GR-promoted lacZ expression was measured and compared to the activity in cpr7 cells and cpr7 cells expressing CPR7 from a centromeric plasmid. In these experiments GR activity was nearly fivefold lower in the cpr7 cells than in the CPR7 control cells. In contrast, GR activity was increased to nearly wild-type levels in cpr7 cells harboring the multicopy CNS1 plasmid (Fig. 2). Thus, increased gene dosage of CNS1 is sufficient to substantially restore Cpr7-dependent Hsp90 chaperoning of this heterologous substrate. Although overexpression of CNS1 restored GR activity to cpr7 cells, the overexpression of other Hsp90-associated proteins, namely, Cpr6 (19) and Sti1 (data not shown), could not do so.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2.   Overexpression of CNS1 restores GR activity to cpr7 cells. cpr7 cells harbored a GR-dependent lacZ reporter gene and either the control vector (middle lane) or plasmids expressing CPR7 (pAAD97) or CNS1 (pJM107) as indicated. Cells were treated with hormone and assayed for GR activity as described in Materials and Methods. Each column is the mean ± standard deviation of at least four independent experiments expressed as a percentage of activity of cpr7 cells harboring pAAD97.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3.   Overexpression of CNS1 restores down regulation of HSF activity in cpr7 cells. Steady-state -galactosidase activity in wild-type (CPR7) and cpr7 cells harboring the HSF-dependent reporter plasmid pHSE2-lacZ and either vector alone or the multicopy CNS1 plasmid pJM111 (p2µ-CNS1) was measured as described in Materials and Methods. Indicated activities are relative to those of wild-type cells. Each bar represents the mean ± standard deviation of at least six independent experiments.

Overexpression of Hsp90-associated TPR-containing proteins is unable to suppress the lethal phenotype of cns1 cells. CNS1/YBR155w is an essential gene encoding a protein 385 amino acids in length that is weakly related to Sti1 (13% identity) (2), the S. cerevisiae homolog of the Hsp90-associated protein p60 (34). Cns1 harbors three TPR motifs in its amino-terminal half which share significant sequence identity with those of Cpr6 and Cpr7 (Fig. 4) and are also related to the TPR motifs in other Hsp90-associated proteins, including Sti1 and Ppt1, the S. cerevisiae homolog of PP5. A search of the databases failed to identify proteins that share significant sequence identity with the carboxy-terminal half of Cns1.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4.   TPR motifs in Cns1. The location of each of the three TPR motifs in Cns1 is depicted by a hatched box. The TPR motifs of CN21 are compared with those of Cpr6 and Cpr7. Sites containing identical amino acids are shaded. Underlined amino acids correspond to residues that fit the TPR consensus motif *--*G-*Y/F-----*--A*--Y/F--A*-*-P----- (24), where * represents any large hydrophobic amino acid and - represents any amino acid.

Cns1 is a component of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. Because Cpr7 is a component of Hsp90 heterocomplexes (16), the ability of multicopy CNS1 plasmids to suppress the cpr7 phenotypes suggested that Cns1 might physically interact with the chaperone complex. Physical association between Cns1 and the Hsp90 machinery was tested in wild-type cells harboring a multicopy plasmid (pJM111) expressing HA epitope-tagged alleles of CNS1 (see Materials and Methods). Lysates from S. cerevisiae cells expressing Cns1-3HA fusion protein were mixed with glutathione beads coated with either GST or GST-Cpr7 fusion protein purified from bacterial extracts. The beads were then washed, and bound proteins were eluted and analyzed. Immunoblots of the eluates revealed the presence of Hsp90 and Ssa (an S. cerevisiae homolog of Hsp70), indicating that GST-Cpr7 precipitated Hsp90 heterocomplexes from the lysates (Fig. 5). Immunoblotting with anti-HA antibody revealed the presence of Cns1 among the precipitated proteins, demonstrating that Cns1 physically interacts with Hsp90 or its associated proteins. The fact that much less Cns1-3HA is obtained by precipitation with GST-Cpr7 than with Hsp90 (see below) suggests that only a minority of Cns1-containing complexes also contain Cpr7. GST-Cpr7 fusion protein was also able to precipitate Cns1-3HA from lysates expressing the epitope-tagged fusion protein from the low-copy-number plasmid pJM110 (not shown).

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5.   Precipitation of Cpr7 coprecipitates Cns1-3HA. Wild-type cells harboring the multicopy plasmid pJM111 expressing HA epitope-tagged Cns1 were cultured and lysates prepared as described in Materials and Methods. Cell lysates were incubated with glutathione beads charged with either GST or GST-Cpr7 fusion protein. Proteins precipitated by either GST or GST-Cpr7 or total cellular proteins (Lysate) were identified by immunoblotting with the appropriate antibodies.

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6.   Precipitation of Hsp90 coprecipitates Cns1-3HA. Cells expressing wild-type Hsp90 (Hsp82) or histidine-tagged Hsp90 (Hsp82FP) were transformed with a low-copy-number (pJM110) or multicopy (pJM111) CNS1::3HA plasmid. Total cellular protein (lanes 1 and 2) and proteins eluted from a nickel affinity matrix (lanes 3 and 4) were analyzed by immunoblotting with the appropriate antibodies. Coprecipitation of Cns1-3HA was also observed from lysates expressing the fusion protein from the low-copy-number plasmid pJM110 (not shown).

	DISCUSSION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion References

CNS1 is an essential gene that we identified by a screen for multicopy suppressors of the severe slow-growth phenotype caused by deletion of the Hsp90-associated Cyp40-type cyclophilin Cpr7. Although isolated by its ability to suppress the severe growth defect of cpr7 hsc82 cells, overexpression of CNS1 also suppressed the slow-growth phenotype of cells containing only the cpr7 mutation. Increased CNS1 gene dosage also restored other Cpr7-dependent activities in cpr7 cells, including the activity of the heterologously expressed GR and negative regulation of HSF, both of which are Hsp90 dependent (6, 17). In addition, two-hybrid and in vitro protein-protein interaction analyses indicated that Cns1 can interact with one or more components of Hsp90 heterocomplexes. Thus, our results show that Cns1 is a previously unidentified component of the Hsp90 chaperone complex that is essential for viability.

The ability of increased CNS1 gene dosage to suppress distinct cpr7 phenotypes suggests that Cns1 broadly substitutes for Cpr7. While the precise function of Cpr7 in molecular chaperoning remains unknown, the cyclophilin clearly plays a major role in the Hsp90 activities, as it is required not only for rapid growth but also for full activity of GR and pp60^v-src and for negative regulation of HSF (16-18). Cns1 appears to be the only TPR-containing component of Hsp90 heterocomplexes that can substitute functionally for Cpr7. The overexpression of CPR6 or STI1 does not increase the growth rate or restore the GR activity of cpr7 cells (reference 19 and data not shown). Despite an exhaustive search of a multicopy genomic library, CNS1 was the only extragenic suppressor obtained.

Two scenarios could explain the suppression of cpr7 phenotypes by Cns1. Since CNS1 acts as a suppressor of a null allele of CPR7, formally, Cns1 appears to act at or downstream of Cpr7. Thus, it is possible that the phenotypes that arise from the loss of Cpr7 might actually be due to decreased Cns1 activity and that the overexpression of CNS1 merely restores Cns1-dependent functions. Alternatively, the ability of Cns1 to suppress cpr7 phenotypes might reflect direct functional overlap between the two proteins. In this case, because both Cpr7 and Cns1 contain three-unit TPR domains and because both are components of Hsp90 heterocomplexes, a reasonable scenario is one in which Cns1 substitutes for Cpr7 in binding to the TPR-accepting pocket(s) of Hsp90 dimers of the appropriate heterocomplexes, imparting upon them Cpr7-like functions. If so, it is not surprising that the overexpression of Sti1 cannot suppress the cpr7 phenotypes because data from in vitro reconstitution studies with mammalian Hsp90 heterocomplexes indicate that p60 (Sti1) and the Cyp40-type cyclophilins are not found in the same heterocomplex (35). However, it is surprising that the closely related cyclophilin Cpr6 cannot substitute for Cpr7, even when overexpressed, as the region containing the TPR motifs of Cpr6 is 34% identical to that of Cpr7 whereas the TPR-containing regions of Cns1 and Cpr7 are only 9.6% identical. This is all the more surprising given that overexpression of the TPR-containing carboxy terminus of Cpr7 restores Cpr7-dependent functions to cpr7 cells (19). The inability of Cpr6 to replace Cpr7 does not appear to be due to an inhibitory function specific to the isomerase domain of Cpr6 since a Cpr6-Cpr7 chimera containing the amino-terminal half of Cpr6 and the carboxy-terminal half of Cpr7 can functionally substitute for Cpr7 in vivo (unpublished results). The hypothesis that Cns1 might occupy the TPR-accepting pocket(s) of the Hsp90 complex is also supported by recent work involving chimeric proteins between the Hsp90-associated immunophilins FKBP51 and FKBP52 (1). Individual chimeras displayed preferential binding to Hsp90-receptor complexes, depending on which TPR-containing carboxyl termini were present.

The repertoire of TPR proteins known to interact with Hsp90 heterocomplexes was broadened by the recent discovery that the mammalian protein phosphatase PP5, which harbors four TPR units, interacts with Hsp90 (11, 46). Although it can bind FK506 weakly, PP5 is not a member of the highly conserved FKBP family of proteins (46). This was the first evidence that a nonimmunophilin TPR-containing protein can associate with Hsp90 in mature receptor complexes. Our discovery (and that described in reference 14) that Cns1 is an essential nonimmunophilin TPR-containing component of the Hsp90 machinery suggests that these complexes are even more heterogeneous than previously thought. Whether Cns1 occupies specific niches among different types of heterocomplexes or even defines such complexes remains to be determined. The mammalian Hsp90-associated immunophilins do not precipitate with other Hsp90-associated immunophilins, indicating that TPR-containing immunophilins are not present in the same complex (see references 37 and 47 for reviews). Based on these and other studies, the stoichiometry of Hsp90-receptor complexes has been postulated to include one TPR-containing immunophilin per Hsp90 dimer (12, 39, 47). However, we found Cns1 among the proteins that could be removed from solution by GST-Cpr7. Thus, if Cns1 interacts directly with Hsp90 via its TPR domains, the one-TPR-accepting-pocket-one-TPR-partner hypothesis may be insufficient to explain the precipitation of Cns1 by Cpr7.

Although Hsp90-associated proteins are highly conserved among eukaryotes, in S. cerevisiae many, including Sti1 (p60), Cpr6 and Cpr7 (Cyp40), Ydj1 (DnaJ), Sba1 (p23), and Ppt1 (PP5), are not essential (16, 20, 28, 34, 46). In contrast, Cns1 is essential at all temperatures (2). Moreover, the lethality caused by the cns1 mutation cannot be suppressed by overexpression of other TPR-containing proteins, including Cpr6, Cpr7, or Sti1. Taken together, these observations suggest a key functional role for Cns1 in Hsp90 chaperone complexes.