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Mol Cell Biol, July 1998, p. 4109-4117, Vol. 18, No. 7
Division of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical
Research Center, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan
Received 8 September 1997/Returned for modification 13 October
1997/Accepted 16 April 1998
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Gab1 Acts as an Adapter Molecule Linking the Cytokine Receptor
gp130 to ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
SUMMARY
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Gab1 has structural similarities with Drosophila DOS
(daughter of sevenless), which is a substrate of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Corkscrew. Both Gab1 and DOS have a pleckstrin homology domain and tyrosine residues, potential binding sites for various SH2
domain-containing adapter molecules when they are phosphorylated. We
found that Gab1 was tyrosine phosphorylated in response to various
cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-3, alpha
interferon (IFN-
), and IFN-
. Upon the stimulation of IL-6 or
IL-3, Gab1 was found to form a complex with phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3
kinase and SHP-2, a homolog of Corkscrew. Mutational
analysis of gp130, the common subunit of IL-6 family cytokine
receptors, revealed that neither tyrosine residues of gp130 nor its
carboxy terminus was required for tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1.
Expression of Gab1 enhanced gp130-dependent mitogen-activated protein
(MAP) kinase ERK2 activation. A mutation of tyrosine 759, the SHP-2 binding site of gp130, abrogated the interactions of Gab1 with SHP-2
and PI-3 kinase as well as ERK2 activation. Furthermore, ERK2
activation was inhibited by a dominant negative p85 PI-3 kinase,
wortmannin, or a dominant negative Ras. These observations suggest that
Gab1 acts as an adapter molecule in transmitting signals to ERK MAP
kinase for the cytokine receptor gp130 and that SHP-2, PI-3 kinase, and
Ras are involved in Gab1-mediated ERK activation.
INTRODUCTION
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Cytokine receptors, such as receptors for interleukins, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), hormones, and interferons, utilize Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs) for transmitting signals downstream. The JAKs associate with the juxtamembrane domains, called box 1 and box 2, of cytokine receptors. Upon ligand binding to receptors, the receptors dimerize and the receptor-associated JAKs are thought to undergo transphosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of the receptors involved. The tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors recruit various SH2 domain-containing adapter molecules such as STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) and SHPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases), resulting in the activation of downstream pathways (reviewed in references 9, 23, and 24).
gp130 is the common subunit of receptors for the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines (leukemia-inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotropic factor, oncostatin M, IL-11, and CT-1) (reviewed in references 18 and 20). It associates with JAK1, JAK2, and TYK2, and its tyrosine residues are phosphorylated upon stimulation (42). Among the six tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of gp130, tyrosine 759 (the second tyrosine from the membrane) was shown to be necessary for the recruitment of SHP-2 on gp130 and its tyrosine phosphorylation (16, 43). The four tyrosines in the carboxy terminus have a glutamine at position +3 of tyrosines (YXXQ) and were shown to be required for tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT3 (43, 50). STAT3 was shown to be involved in the cell cycle arrest and macrophage differentiation of a mouse leukemia cell line, M1 (32, 50), and in an antiapoptotic signal for gp130-mediated cell proliferation (16). The mutation of tyrosine 759 to phenylalanine attenuated activation of ERK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and abolished the transition to G2/M in the cell cycle, correlating with loss of SHP-2 tyrosine phosphorylation (16). These observations indicate a possible involvement of SHP-2 in the activation of MAP kinase pathway. However, the biochemical mechanisms by which SHP-2 regulates downstream signals have not yet been elucidated clearly.
SHP-2 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase bearing two SH2 domains in the
amino-terminal region and a phosphatase domain in the carboxy-terminal
region (1). SHP-2 was reported to regulate signaling through
the receptor tyrosine kinases such as receptors for epidermal growth
factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and insulin (4, 34,
45) and cytokine receptors such as receptors for prolactin,
alpha/beta interferon (IFN-/
), and granulocyte-macrophage CSF
(2, 10, 25). SHP-2 was shown to associate with Grb2,
which links to Ras pathway through the GDP-GTP exchanger Sos, upon the
stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor, EGF receptor,
and cytokine receptors (3, 16, 29, 49). Expression of
inactive phosphatase mutants suppresses EGF, FGF, or
insulin-dependent MAP kinase activation (4, 34, 45, 49).
These data indicate that there are two signaling pathways to MAP
kinases through SHP-2; one depends on tyrosine phosphorylation of
SHP-2, and the other depends on tyrosine phosphatase activity of
SHP-2.
Corkscrew (CSW) is a Drosophila homolog of SHP-2 and
reported to act downstream of the receptor tyrosine kinases Torso and Sevenless and Drosophila EGF and FGF receptors (DER and
Breathless) (36, 37). Biochemical and genetic analysis of
Drosophila eye development revealed that Daughter of
Sevenless (DOS) is a substrate for CSW and is required for Sevenless
signaling, possibly by activating the Ras pathway (17, 38).
DOS has structural homologies with mammalian adapter molecules IRS-1,
IRS-2, and Gab1. Gab1 is a 115-kDa molecule originally identified as a
Grb2-associated docking protein (21). Gab1 was shown
to be tyrosine phosphorylated in response to EGF, insulin,
nerve growth factor, and c-Met stimulation, and it was shown
to bind phospholipase C-, phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase, and
SHP-2 in addition to Grb2 (14, 21, 22, 33).
Here we report that Gab1 acts as an adapter molecule in transmitting signals to the ERK MAP kinase for the cytokine receptor gp130.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Cell culture, transfection, and biological reagents. HepG2 and 293T cells were maintained as described previously (44). Hep3B cells were cultured in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 µg/ml). TF-1 cells were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, human recombinant IL-3 (5 ng/ml; Gibco BRL), penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 µg/ml). To establish 293T stable transfectant cells expressing the chimeric receptors, 293T cells in a 10-cm-diameter dish (approximately 106 cells) were transfected with 20 µg of the expression vectors for the granulocyte CSF receptor (G-CSFR)-gp130 chimeric receptors (16) and 2 µg of pMIK-HygB by a standard calcium phosphate precipitation method. Transfectants were selected with hygromycin (200 µg/ml), and expression of the chimeric receptors was detected by immunoblotting with an anti-G-CSFR antibody. For transient transfection, 1 µg of each expression plasmid (except for the assay represented in Fig. 6b) was transfected in a 6-cm-diameter dish (approximately 5 × 105 cells) of 293T or HepG2 cells, and cells were harvested 20 h after the transfection for further analysis. For the stimulation of cells with cytokines, cells were starved of serum (or IL-3 in the case of TF-1 cells) for 12 h and stimulated with cytokines as indicated in the figure legends.
Plasmid construction.
Human Gab1 cDNA was amplified from a
human bone marrow cDNA library (Clontech) by PCR using primers based on
the published sequence (21). The amino acid 472-694 region
of human Gab1 was amplified by PCR and subcloned into the
EcoRI and HindIII sites of pGEX-KG to
generate glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Gab1(472/694) protein for immunization. To construct the expression vector for Gab1,
a three-tandem repeat of hemagglutinin (HA) or one Flag epitope was
fused to the amino terminus of Gab1 in pBluescript SK+ (Stratagene),
and the HindIII fragments containing epitope-tagged Gab1
were subcloned into pcDNA3 (Invitrogen). To construct an expression
vector for HA-tagged SHP-2 (H-SHP-2), an NcoI site was
generated on the translation initiation codon of SHP-2 by PCR using
SR-PTP1D (a gift from T. Matozaki and M. Kasuga)
(19), the NcoI-EcoRI fragments were
subcloned in pBluescript 3xHA (44), and the
HindIII-EcoRI fragment of H-SHP-2 was
subcloned into pcDNA3 (Invitrogen). To construct expression vectors for
Myc-tagged p85 (M-p85) PI-3 kinase and dominant negative p85
(p85DN), Myc epitopes were attached to the carboxy termini of the
p85 subunits of PI-3 kinase (wild type and dominant negative; gifts
from W. Ogawa, M. Kasuga, and M. D. Waterfield) (39) by
PCR as described previously (41) and the
EcoRI-ApaI M-p85 fragments were subcloned into pcDNA3. The expression vector for human JAK1 (pEF-JAK1) was
previously described (44). The expression vector for Flag
epitope-tagged ERK2 (F-ERK2) was constructed by the insertion of
NcoI-BamHI sites of ERK2 in SRHA-ERK2
(30) into the HindIII site of pcDNA3 with a
Flag-encoding fragment. The expression vector for F-JNK1 was described
previously (12, 13). The dominant negative Ras (RasN17) (a
gift from T. Deng) was previously described (11). For all plasmids, we generated restriction sites by PCR using KOD polymerase (Toyobo) to subclone cDNAs in either epitope-tagged vectors or a GST
fusion protein expression vector in frame. Primers used for PCR are
available on request. Fragments obtained by PCR and subcloning were
confirmed by DNA sequencing using an automated ALF sequencer
(Pharmacia). GST fusion proteins were prepared as described previously
(40).
Immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and antibody preparation. After stimulation, cells were lysed in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris HCl [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 500 µM sodium vanadate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, aprotinin [5 µg/ml], leupeptin [5 µg/ml] 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). The lysates were incubated at 4°C for 30 min and were cleared by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 30 min. The cleared lysates were incubated with 2 µg of monoclonal antibodies (anti-HA, Flag, and Myc antibodies) or 5 µl of antiserum (anti-Gab1 antibody) or polyclonal antibodies and with 10 µl of protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia). After 10 h of incubation at 4°C, immunoprecipitates were washed with 1 ml of lysis buffer without the protease inhibitors five times. Proteins were eluted with Laemmli's sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) loading buffer, separated on an SDS-4 to 20% gradient polyacrylamide gel (Dai-ich Kagaku), and electrotransferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Immobilon-P; Millipore). The membranes were blocked with TBST (20 mM Tris HCl [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) containing 1% gelatin and incubated with the primary antibodies (1 µg of monoclonal antibodies or 2,000-times-diluted antiserum or polyclonal antibodies per ml) for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were washed with TBST for 5 min three times and incubated with 5,000-times-diluted peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse (for monoclonal antibodies) or rabbit (for serum and polyclonal antibodies) immunoglobulin antibodies (Zymed) at room temperature. Then membranes were washed with TBST three times and TBS (20 mM Tris HCl [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl) once. The immune complexes were visualized by a chemiluminescence system (Renaissance; Dupont NEN Products). Anti-Gab1 antibody was raised by immunizing a rabbit with purified GST-Gab1(472/694). Anti-HA (12CA5), anti-Myc (9E10), and anti-Flag (M2) antibodies were purchased from Boehringer Mannheim, Genosys Biotechnologies Inc., Kodak, and UBI Corporation, respectively. Anti-SHP-2 (sc 280) and anti-Grb2 (sc 255) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Co. Antiphosphotyrosine (4G10) and anti-p85 PI-3 kinase (06-195) antibodies were purchased from UBI.
PI-3 kinase assay.
PI-3 kinase activity was assayed
essentially as described previously (48). Immunoprecipitates
from lysates of 106 HepG2 cells were washed once with
Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, twice with 0.5 M LiCl in 100 mM
Tris HCl (pH 7.4), and twice with 10 mM Tris HCl (pH 7.4)-100 mM
NaCl-1 mM EDTA. Immunoprecipitates were then incubated with 35 µl of
final wash buffer containing 20 mM MgCl2 and 0.2 mg of
sonicated PI per ml on ice for 20 min. After 10 min of incubation at
25°C, 10 µl of 50 µM ATP and 10 µCi of
[-32P]ATP were added to the reaction mixture, which
was incubated for 20 min at 25°C; the reaction was stopped with 250 µl of 1 N HCl. After extraction with 80 µl of chloroform-methanol
(2:1), the mixture was separated on a Silica Gel 60 thin-layer
chromatography plate (Merck) in the atmosphere saturated with
chloroform-methanol-4 M NH4OH (9:7:2) for 2 h.
Labeled PI-3 phosphate was visualized by autoradiography and
quantitated by using a BAS1000 image analyzer (Fuji Photo Film Co.).
In vitro MAP kinase assay.
Twenty hours after transfection,
Flag epitope-tagged ERK2, JNK1, and p38 MAP kinases were
immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag antibody M2 from cell lysates.
Immunoprecipitates were washed with lysis buffer without protease
inhibitors three times and with kinase buffer (20 mM Tris HCl [pH
7.4], 20 mM MgCl2, 2 mM dithiothreitol). The kinase
reaction was performed by incubation with 20 µl of kinase buffer
containing 10 µM ATP, [-32P]ATP (5 µCi/reaction), and 1 µg of substrate (myelin basic protein [MBP]
for ERK2, GST-c-Jun for JNK1, and GST-ATF2 for p38) at 30°C for 10 min. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 3× Laemmli's SDS loading buffer. The phosphorylated substrates were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and incorporated
32P was quantitated with a BAS1000 image analyzer.
RESULTS
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SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase associate with a tyrosine-phosphorylated Gab1 in response to IL-6. To reveal the roles of SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase in cytokine signaling, we examined the nature of the molecules associating with SHP-2 and the p85 subunit of PI-3 kinase following stimulation. When HepG2 cells were stimulated with IL-6, gp130, SHP-2 (70 kDa), and an unknown 110-kDa molecule were detected in the SHP-2 immunoprecipitates on the antiphosphotyrosine blots (Fig. 1c). We also detected tyrosine-phosphorylated 110- and 70-kDa molecules, identical to SHP-2 as described below, in the p85 immunoprecipitates from the stimulated cells, although the p85 PI-3 kinase itself was not tyrosine phosphorylated. These observations raised the possibility that both SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase form a complex with the tyrosine-phosphorylated 110-kDa molecule (pp110) in response to IL-6.
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). The
Gab1 immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting with
antiphosphotyrosine (upper panel) or anti-Gab1 (lower panel)
antibodies. Locations of Gab1 are indicated by arrows. (c) Gab1
associates with SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase in response to IL-6 or IL-3.
HepG2 and TF-1 cells were stimulated with IL-6 and IL-3, respectively.
gp130, SHP-2, Gab1, the p85 subunit of PI-3 kinase, or Grb2 was
immunoprecipitated with anti-gp130, anti-SHP-2, anti-Gab1, anti-p85, or
anti-Grb2 antibodies, respectively, and blotted with
antiphosphotyrosine, p85, SHP-2, or Gab1 antibodies as indicated. The
160-kDa bands (marked by a dot) in the p85 immunoprecipitates on
antiphosphotyrosine blotting were nonspecific, since they were not
recognized by anti-gp130 antibody (data not shown), and the 80-kDa
bands in the Grb2-immunoprecipitates (marked by an asterisk) were also
nonspecific since they migrated differently from p85. Note that a
relatively large amount of Gab1 was detected in the p85
immunoprecipitates from the unstimulated HepG2 cells. This is likely
due to a low level of tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 in the
unstimulated cells and the fact that phosphorylated Gab1 was
concentrated by the associated p85. (d) PI-3 kinase activity associates
with Gab1 and SHP-2. HepG2 cells (106) were stimulated with
IL-6 (100 ng/ml) for 10 min (+) or not stimulated ( and - (Fig. 1b). A low level of tyrosine phosphorylation of
Gab1 was detected in unstimulated cells in certain conditions (Fig. 1b
and c; see also Fig. 3b and 5a). This may reflect the fact that these
cells secrete low amounts of soluble factors, such as EGF, hepatocyte growth factor, and insulin, inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1.
Tyrosine-phosphorylated gp130 was detected in the SHP-2 immunoprecipitates from the stimulated cells but not in the Gab1 or p85
immunoprecipitates (Fig. 1c, left panel; SHP-2 was not detected in the
gp130 immunoprecipitates due to the stoichiometric interaction between
SHP-2 and gp130). Consistent with these data, we detected PI kinase
activities in both the SHP-2 and Gab1 immunoprecipitates from the
stimulated cells but not the gp130 immunoprecipitates (Fig. 1d). These
results suggest that the Gab1-SHP-2-PI-3 kinase complex is distinct
from the SHP-2-gp130 complex. Furthermore, the PI kinase activities
associated with Gab1 were comparable to those in immunoprecipitates of
the anti-p85 and antiphosphotyrosine antibodies (Fig. 1d, right panel).
We could not simply compare the PI kinase activities in the
immunoprecipitates of those antibodies since they have different
affinities for their own antigens. However, given that Gab1 was the
major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in the p85 immunoprecipitates
(Fig. 1c), it is likely that Gab1 was the major component interacting
with the active PI-3 kinase in IL-6-stimulated HepG2 cells.
PI-3 kinase associates with SHP-2 indirectly through Gab1. To characterize the Gab1-SHP-2-PI-3 kinase complex, we reconstituted the complex in 293T cells (Fig. 2). Expression vectors were constructed to express Gab1, SHP-2, and p85 tagged by Flag, HA, and Myc epitopes, respectively, and transfected together with a JAK1 expression vector into 293T cells in various combinations. Gab1 and SHP-2 were tyrosine phosphorylated when JAK1 was highly expressed (Fig. 4b and data not shown). When Gab1 and SHP-2, or Gab1 and p85, were expressed, SHP-2 and p85 were detected in the Gab1 immunoprecipitates, indicating interactions between Gab1 and SHP-2 or between Gab1 and p85. When p85 and SHP-2 were expressed, neither SHP-2 nor p85 was detected in the p85 or SHP-2 immunoprecipitates, respectively. However, when p85 and SHP-2 were expressed together with Gab1, SHP-2 was detected in both the p85 and Gab1 immunoprecipitates, indicating that the interaction between p85 and SHP-2 is not direct but mediated by Gab1.
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Tyrosine phosphorylation or carboxy-terminal region of gp130
is not required for Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation.
Tyrosine
phosphorylation of SHP-2 and STAT3 strictly depends on
phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on gp130. The IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, a structural homolog of Gab1, strictly depends on phosphorylation of tyrosine 497 of the IL-4 receptor chain (27). We examined whether tyrosine
phosphorylation of Gab1 requires tyrosine phosphorylation
of gp130. We used 293T cells stably expressing the
G-CSFR-gp130 chimeric receptor (293T-G277 cells) and its mutants.
Endogenous Gab1 was tyrosine phosphorylated upon stimulation of
293T cells expressing the chimeric receptor G277, which
contains the entire cytoplasmic domain of gp130. This observation was similar to that for cells expressing G68, which contains only the 68 amino acid residues of the cytoplasmic domain and
was not tyrosine phosphorylated upon stimulation (Fig.
3a). To completely rule out the
involvement of tyrosine residues of gp130, we transiently transfected
the expression vector for the chimeric receptor G277 and the mutant
G-Fall, in which all six tyrosine residues of the cytoplasmic gp130
were mutated to phenylalanines, together with H-Gab1. Gab1 was
tyrosine phosphorylated in 293T cells expressing G-Fall
as much as in the cells expressing G277 (Fig. 3b), revealing that
tyrosine residues were not necessary for the Gab1
phosphorylation.
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Gab1 acts upstream of ERK MAP kinases in gp130 signaling. To identify the downstream signaling molecules from Gab1, we determined the effect of Gab1 expression on gp130-dependent MAP kinase activation. 293T cells expressing the G277 chimeric receptor were transfected with expression vectors for Gab1 with Flag epitope-tagged MAP kinase ERK2, JNK1, or p38a. The activities of immunoprecipitated MAP kinases were determined by an in vitro kinase reaction. Expression of Gab1 enhanced the basal ERK2 activity and further increased gp130-mediated ERK2 activation (Fig. 4a). The activity of JNK1 or p38a was not affected by the expression of Gab1 in either unstimulated or stimulated cells (Fig. 4a and data not shown). Furthermore, enhancement of ERK2 activities by Gab1 expression was also observed in the IL-6-stimulated HepG2 cells (Fig. 4b). The data indicate that Gab1 acts specifically upstream of ERK MAP kinase in gp130 signaling.
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SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase are involved in the Gab1-dependent ERK activation. To determine the role of SHP-2 in Gab1-mediated ERK activation, we used 293T cells expressing the G133 chimeric receptor (293T-G133) and its mutant G133F2 (293T-G133F2), in which tyrosine 759, the SHP-2 binding site of gp130, was mutated to phenylalanine. We observed the interaction between Gab1 and SHP-2 in 293T-G133 cells upon stimulation, but the interaction was diminished in 293T-G133F2 cells in correlation with a reduction of tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2 (Fig. 5a). The interaction between Gab1 and p85 was also observed in the stimulated 293T-G133 cells but was abolished in 293T-G133F2 cells (Fig. 5b). ERK2 was activated upon stimulation in 293T-G133 cells, but its activation was strongly diminished in 293T-G133F2 cells (Fig. 5c). Although the expression of Gab1 enhanced ERK2 activation by the G133 chimeric receptor, it did not do so efficiently in 293T-G133F2 cells (Fig. 5c). The remaining activity of ERK2 and tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2 in the stimulated 293T-G133F2 cells were observed (Fig. 5a and c). These might be caused by the direct interaction between JAK and SHP-2 as reported previously (51). The correlation among the Gab1-SHP-2 interaction, the Gab1-PI-3 kinase interaction, and ERK2 activation suggests that the complex formation of Gab1 with SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase is required for the Gab1-mediated ERK2 activation.
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catalytic subunit of PI-3 kinase (39), was
expressed with Gab1 in 293T-G277 cells. The activation of ERK2 was
strongly inhibited by the expression of p85DN but not the control
vector (Fig. 6a). The inhibition of ERK
by p85DN was also observed in 293T-G133 cells (data not shown),
indicating that its effect did not depend on the carboxy terminus of
gp130. Gab1-dependent ERK2 activation was also inhibited by incubation with 100 nM wortmannin (Fig. 6b). These data indicate that PI-3 kinase
is involved in Gab1-mediated ERK2 activation.
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DISCUSSION
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Gab1 is an adapter for the cytokine receptor. Recent reports have shown the interaction of SHP-2 with a tyrosine-phosphorylated molecule with a molecular mass of 90 to 120 kDa in signaling of receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGF, insulin, and macrophage CSF as well as IL-3 receptor (7, 8, 15, 28). These include the recently identified SHPS-1/SIR family transmembrane proteins (15, 28) and other proteins (8, 28). It was also reported that NGF, BDNF, and IL-3 induce the interaction between SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase in certain cells (8, 35, 47). Ciliary neurotropic factor, leukemia-inhibitory factor, and IL-6 were reported to induce the interaction between p85 and a tyrosine-phosphorylated 110-kDa molecule in the Ewing's sarcoma cell line (5). We found that SHP-2 interacted with p85 and that the interaction was mediated by the 110-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated Gab1. These reports and our present findings suggest that the 110-kDa molecule interacting with SHP-2 or p85 in response to various stimuli is Gab1. Gab1 acts as an adapter for certain cytokine receptors and possibly receptor tyrosine kinases. Our data do not exclude the possibility that other 90- to 120-kDa molecules such as other unidentified DOS homologs are involved in the formation of the complex.
Gab1 is a direct substrate for JAKs.
Like Gab1, IRS-1 was
shown to be tyrosine phosphorylated in response to IL-2, IL-4, IL-7,
IL-15, oncostatin M, and interferons in addition to insulin (6,
26). Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and the interaction of
IRS-1 with the L-4 receptor chain in response to IL-4 depends on
the phosphorylation of tyrosine 497 of IL-4 receptor chain
(27). The interaction is mediated by the phosphotyrosine
binding domain of IRS-1. Gab1 also has a phosphotyrosine binding
domain, named MBD (Met binding domain), which bind the specific
tyrosine residues of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-Met
(46). In the case of gp130 signaling, our data revealed that
tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 does not require tyrosine residues of
gp130 and that the membrane-proximal region of gp130 containing only 68 amino acid residues is sufficient to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of
Gab1 (Fig. 3). This region of gp130 contains the JAK binding sites and
is sufficient to activate JAKs (data not shown). Receptors for IL-3,
IFN-, and IFN-, which associate with JAKs but do not share
tyrosine-based motifs on their receptors with gp130, all could induce
tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 (Fig. 1a and b). Taken together, our
findings suggest that Gab1 is a substrate of JAKs and that its
phosphorylation does not depend on tyrosine phosphorylation of the
cytokine receptors. IRS-1 and IRS-2 were shown to associate with
JAK1 and JAK3 (26). Gab1 may interact with JAKs through the
MBD of Gab1 and phosphotyrosines of JAKs, subjected to tyrosine
phosphorylation by JAKs. Biochemical analysis of the interaction
between the MBD of Gab1 and JAKs is necessary to elucidate this point.
Roles of Gab1 in signal transduction of cytokine receptors. The high expression of Gab1 induced kinase activity of ERK2 in 293T cells, consistent with the finding that expression of Gab1 in MDCK cells induced a mobility shift of ERK MAP kinase (46). Further, the expression of Gab1 enhanced the gp130-dependent ERK2 activation, suggesting a role of Gab1 in transmitting signals to Ras. Gab1 was shown to bind Grb2 (21), but we could not detect an interaction between Gab1 and Grb2 in HepG2 or TF-1 cells, indicating the possible utilization of some other pathway in MAP kinase activation in these cells. The mutation of tyrosine 759 of gp130 diminished the ERK2 activation induced by gp130 stimulation and Gab1 expression, in correlation with a reduction of interactions of Gab1 with SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase (Fig. 5a and b), suggesting roles of SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase in ERK activation. The inhibition of ERK2 activation by the p85DN PI-3 kinase or wortmannin further supports the role of PI-3 kinase in ERK activation (Fig. 6a and b). It is likely that Gab1 mediates signaling through PI-3 kinase to Ras (Fig. 7), since the dominant negative Ras also inhibited the ERK2 activation elicited by the gp130 stimulation and Gab1 expression (Fig. 6c). However, the present study did not exclude the possibility that PI-3 kinase acts in parallel to the Ras pathway, and both Ras and PI-3 kinase activation may be required for gp130-mediated ERK activation (Fig. 7). The SHP-2-Grb2-Sos pathway previously described (16) may cooperate with the Gab1-mediated PI-3 kinase pathway to activate the ERK MAP kinase.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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The first two authors contributed equally to this work.
We thank T. Matozaki, W. Ogawa, M. Kasuga, M. D. Waterfield, K. Matsuoka, and T. Deng for various reagents. We also thank E. Barsoumian for comments on the manuscript and R. Masuda and T. Kimura for excellent secretarial assistance.
This work was supported in part by a Grant-Aid for COE Research from the Ministry and Education, Science, Sports, and Culture in Japan, the Yamanouchi Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders, and the Osaka Foundation for Promotion of Clinical Immunology.
FOOTNOTES
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Phone: 81-6-879-3880. Fax: 81-6-879-3889. E-mail: hirano{at}molonc.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
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Yu, C. F., Liu, Z.-X., Cantley, L. G.
(2002). ERK Negatively Regulates the Epidermal Growth Factor-mediated Interaction of Gab1 and the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase. J. Biol. Chem.
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Itoh, S., Itoh, M., Nishida, K., Yamasaki, S., Yoshida, Y., Narimatsu, M., Park, S. J., Hibi, M., Ishihara, K., Hirano, T.
(2002). Adapter Molecule Grb2-Associated Binder 1 Is Specifically Expressed in Marginal Zone B Cells and Negatively Regulates Thymus-Independent Antigen-2 Responses. J. Immunol.
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Cunnick, J. M., Meng, S., Ren, Y., Desponts, C., Wang, H.-G., Djeu, J. Y., Wu, J.
(2002). Regulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway by SHP2. J. Biol. Chem.
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Mahboubi, K., Pober, J. S.
(2002). Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) Is Not Sufficient for the Induction of STAT1-dependent Genes in Endothelial Cells. COMPARISON OF INTERFERON-gamma AND ONCOSTATIN M. J. Biol. Chem.
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Nishida, K., Wang, L., Morii, E., Park, S. J., Narimatsu, M., Itoh, S., Yamasaki, S., Fujishima, M., Ishihara, K., Hibi, M., Kitamura, Y., Hirano, T.
(2002). Requirement of Gab2 for mast cell development and KitL/c-Kit signaling. Blood
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Dorsey, J. F., Cunnick, J. M., Mane, S. M., Wu, J.
(2002). Regulation of the Erk2-Elk1 signaling pathway and megakaryocytic differentiation of Bcr-Abl+ K562 leukemic cells by Gab2. Blood
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Gary-Gouy, H., Harriague, J., Dalloul, A., Donnadieu, E., Bismuth, G.
(2002). CD5-Negative Regulation of B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathways Originates from Tyrosine Residue Y429 Outside an Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibitory Motif. J. Immunol.
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Schaeffer, M., Schneiderbauer, M., Weidler, S., Tavares, R., Warmuth, M., de Vos, G., Hallek, M.
(2001). Signaling through a Novel Domain of gp130 Mediates Cell Proliferation and Activation of Hck and Erk Kinases. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Kameda, H., Risinger, J. I., Han, B.-B., Baek, S. J., Barrett, J. C., Abe, T., Takeuchi, T., Glasgow, W. C., Eling, T. E.
(2001). Expression of Gab1 Lacking the Pleckstrin Homology Domain Is Associated with Neoplastic Progression. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Barnache, S., Mayeux, P., Payrastre, B., Moreau-Gachelin, F.
(2001). Alterations of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the erythropoietin-independent Spi-1/PU.1 transgenic proerythroblasts. Blood
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Kameda, H., Risinger, J. I., Han, B.-B., Baek, S. J., Barrett, J. C., Glasgow, W. C., Eling, T. E.
(2001). Identification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor- Grb2-associated Binder-1-SHP-2 Complex Formation and Its Functional Loss during Neoplastic Cell Progression. Cell Growth Differ.
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Badache, A., Hynes, N. E.
(2001). Interleukin 6 Inhibits Proliferation and, in Cooperation with an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Autocrine Loop, Increases Migration of T47D Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res.
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Maroun, C. R., Naujokas, M. A., Holgado-Madruga, M., Wong, A. J., Park, M.
(2000). The Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 Is Required for Sustained Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Epithelial Morphogenesis Downstream from the Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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York, R. D., Molliver, D. C., Grewal, S. S., Stenberg, P. E., McCleskey, E. W., Stork, P. J. S.
(2000). Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase and Endocytosis in Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation via Ras and Rap1. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Sachs, M., Brohmann, H., Zechner, D., Muller, T., Hulsken, J., Walther, I., Schaeper, U., Birchmeier, C., Birchmeier, W.
(2000). Essential Role of Gab1 for Signaling by the C-Met Receptor in Vivo. JCB
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Lee, A. W.-M., States, D. J.
(2000). Both Src-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms Mediate Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulation of Colony-Stimulating Factor 1-Activated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Myeloid Progenitors. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Rakhit, S., Pyne, S., Pyne, N. J.
(2000). The Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Stimulation of p42/p44 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Airway Smooth Muscle Involves a G-Protein-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Gab1. Mol. Pharmacol.
58: 413-420
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Schaeper, U., Gehring, N. H., Fuchs, K. P., Sachs, M., Kempkes, B., Birchmeier, W.
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Auernhammer, C. J., Melmed, S.
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Itoh, M., Yoshida, Y., Nishida, K., Narimatsu, M., Hibi, M., Hirano, T.
(2000). Role of Gab1 in Heart, Placenta, and Skin Development and Growth Factor- and Cytokine-Induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Cunnick, J. M., Dorsey, J. F., Munoz-Antonia, T., Mei, L., Wu, J.
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Sakkab, D., Lewitzky, M., Posern, G., Schaeper, U., Sachs, M., Birchmeier, W., Feller, S. M.
(2000). Signaling of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF) to the Small GTPase Rap1 via the Large Docking Protein Gab1 and the Adapter Protein CRKL. J. Biol. Chem.
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Nishigaki, K., Hanson, C., Ohashi, T., Thompson, D., Muszynski, K., Ruscetti, S.
(2000). Erythroid Cells Rendered Erythropoietin Independent by Infection with Friend Spleen Focus-Forming Virus Show Constitutive Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Akt Kinase: Involvement of Insulin Receptor Substrate-Related Adapter Proteins. J. Virol.
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Winnay, J. N., Bruning, J. C., Burks, D. J., Kahn, C. R.
(2000). Gab-1-mediated IGF-1 Signaling in IRS-1-deficient 3T3 Fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem.
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Shi, Z.-Q., Yu, D.-H., Park, M., Marshall, M., Feng, G.-S.
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Aklilu, F., Gladu, J., Goltzman, D., Rabbani, S. A.
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Rodrigues, G. A., Falasca, M., Zhang, Z., Ong, S. H., Schlessinger, J.
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Ong, S. H., Guy, G. R., Hadari, Y. R., Laks, S., Gotoh, N., Schlessinger, J., Lax, I.
(2000). FRS2 Proteins Recruit Intracellular Signaling Pathways by Binding to Diverse Targets on Fibroblast Growth Factor and Nerve Growth Factor Receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Wu, Y. Y., Bradshaw, R. A.
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Rivest, S., Lacroix, S., Vallières, L., Nadeau, S., Zhang, J., Laflamme, N.
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Korhonen, J. M., Said, F. A., Wong, A. J., Kaplan, D. R.
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Maroun, C. R., Moscatello, D. K., Naujokas, M. A., Holgado-Madruga, M., Wong, A. J., Park, M.
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Wickrema, A., Uddin, S., Sharma, A., Chen, F., Alsayed, Y., Ahmad, S., Sawyer, S. T., Krystal, G., Yi, T., Nishada, K., Hibi, M., Hirano, T., Platanias, L. C.
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Zhao, C., Yu, D.-H., Shen, R., Feng, G.-S.
(1999). Gab2, a New Pleckstrin Homology Domain-containing Adapter Protein, Acts to Uncouple Signaling from ERK Kinase to Elk-1. J. Biol. Chem.
274: 19649-19654
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Lecoq-Lafon, C., Verdier, F., Fichelson, S., Chretien, S., Gisselbrecht, S., Lacombe, C., Mayeux, P.
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Nishida, K., Yoshida, Y., Itoh, M., Fukada, T., Ohtani, T., Shirogane, T., Atsumi, T., Takahashi-Tezuka, M., Ishihara, K., Hibi, M., Hirano, T.
(1999). Gab-Family Adapter Proteins Act Downstream of Cytokine and Growth Factor Receptors and T- and B-Cell Antigen Receptors. Blood
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Maroun, C. R., Holgado-Madruga, M., Royal, I., Naujokas, M. A., Fournier, T. M., Wong, A. J., Park, M.
(1999). The Gab1 PH Domain Is Required for Localization of Gab1 at Sites of Cell-Cell Contact and Epithelial Morphogenesis Downstream from the Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol.
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Wang, Y., Robledo, O., Kinzie, E., Blanchard, F., Richards, C., Miyajima, A., Baumann, H.
(2000). Receptor Subunit-specific Action of Oncostatin M in Hepatic Cells and Its Modulation by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor. J. Biol. Chem.
275: 25273-25285
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Lock, L. S., Royal, I., Naujokas, M. A., Park, M.
(2000). Identification of an Atypical Grb2 Carboxyl-terminal SH3 Domain Binding Site in Gab Docking Proteins Reveals Grb2-dependent and -independent Recruitment of Gab1 to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. J. Biol. Chem.
275: 31536-31545
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Ali, S., Ali, S.
(2000). Recruitment of the Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 to the C-terminal Tyrosine of the Prolactin Receptor and to the Adaptor Protein Gab2. J. Biol. Chem.
275: 39073-39080
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Craddock, B. L., Hobbs, J., Edmead, C. E., Welham, M. J.
(2001). Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-dependent Regulation of Interleukin-3-induced Proliferation. INVOLVEMENT OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES, SHP2 AND Gab2. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 24274-24283
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Cunnick, J. M., Mei, L., Doupnik, C. A., Wu, J.
(2001). Phosphotyrosines 627 and 659 of Gab1 Constitute a Bisphosphoryl Tyrosine-based Activation Motif (BTAM) Conferring Binding and Activation of SHP2. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 24380-24387
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Ingham, R. J., Santos, L., Dang-Lawson, M., Holgado-Madruga, M., Dudek, P., Maroun, C. R., Wong, A. J., Matsuuchi, L., Gold, M. R.
(2001). The Gab1 Docking Protein Links the B Cell Antigen Receptor to the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway and to the SHP2 Tyrosine Phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 12257-12265
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Uozumi, H., Hiroi, Y., Zou, Y., Takimoto, E., Toko, H., Niu, P., Shimoyama, M., Yazaki, Y., Nagai, R., Komuro, I.
(2001). gp130 Plays a Critical Role in Pressure Overload-induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 23115-23119
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Shinohara, M., Kodama, A., Matozaki, T., Fukuhara, A., Tachibana, K., Nakanishi, H., Takai, Y.
(2001). Roles of Cell-Cell Adhesion-dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Gab-1. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 18941-18946
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Lelievre, E., Plun-Favreau, H., Chevalier, S., Froger, J., Guillet, C., Elson, G. C. A., Gauchat, J.-F., Gascan, H.
(2001). Signaling Pathways Recruited by the Cardiotrophin-like Cytokine/Cytokine-like Factor-1 Composite Cytokine. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT OF THE MEMBRANE-BOUND FORM OF CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR alpha COMPONENT. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 22476-22484
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Yamasaki, S., Nishida, K., Hibi, M., Sakuma, M., Shiina, R., Takeuchi, A., Ohnishi, H., Hirano, T., Saito, T.
(2001). Docking Protein Gab2 Is Phosphorylated by ZAP-70 and Negatively Regulates T Cell Receptor Signaling by Recruitment of Inhibitory Molecules. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 45175-45183
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Senga, T., Iwamoto, T., Kitamura, T., Miyake, Y., Hamaguchi, M.
(2001). JAK/STAT3-dependent Activation of the RalGDS/Ral Pathway in M1 Mouse Myeloid Leukemia Cells. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 32678-32681
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Rojnuckarin, P., Miyakawa, Y., Fox, N. E., Deou, J., Daum, G., Kaushansky, K.
(2001). The Roles of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Protein Kinase Czeta for Thrombopoietin-induced Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Primary Murine Megakaryocytes. J. Biol. Chem.
276: 41014-41022
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