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Involvement of Prep1 in the ß T-Cell Receptor T-Lymphocytic Potential of Hematopoietic Precursors

Dmitri Penkov,^1,2, Patrizia Di Rosa,^1,2 Luis Fernandez Diaz,^1,2 Veronica Basso,³ Elisabetta Ferretti,^1,2, Fabio Grassi,⁴ Anna Mondino,³ and Francesco Blasi^1,2*

Molecular Genetics Unit, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy,¹ IFOM (FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology), via Adamello 14, 20016 Milan, Italy,² Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy;,³ Institute of Research in Biomedicine, V. V. Vela, Bellinzona, Switzerland⁴

Received 13 July 2005/ Returned for modification 28 August 2005/ Accepted 23 September 2005

	ABSTRACT

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Prep1 is a homeodomain transcription factor that acts by dimerizing with Pbx. Since Prep1 null embryos die at gastrulation, we studied Prep1^i/i hypomorphic mice to study the physiological role of Prep1. A low percentage of homozygous Prep1^i/i mice survived at birth, and their postnatal functions could be investigated. Reduced Prep1 expression caused an abnormal thymic T-cell development: increased CD4^– CD8^– double-negative thymocytes, decrease in ßTCR^high cells (cells with high levels of the ßT-cell receptor [ßTCR]) and CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ single-positive (SP) thymocytes, and increase in TCR cells. Peripheral lymphoid organs of Prep1^i/i mice contained fewer ßTCR mature T cells and more TCR T cells than wild-type littermates. Moreover, Prep1^i/i CD4⁺ CD8⁺ double-positive thymocytes underwent more apoptosis, and SP thymocytes proliferated less than control littermates. Mice that were lethally irradiated and then had Prep1^i/i fetal liver cells transplanted showed the same defects as the Prep1^i/i mice did. Among PBC family members, Pbx2 and very low levels of Pbx3 were observed in the thymi of wild-type mice. In Prep1^i/i mice, the level of Pbx2 protein was profoundly decreased, while for Pbx3 no definitive conclusion could be reached. Therefore, the deficient postnatal T-lymphocytic potential of the Prep1 hematopoietic progenitors depends on the combined, not compensated, absence of Prep1 and at least Pbx2.

	INTRODUCTION

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Prep1 is a transcription factor belonging to the TALE (three-amino-acid loop extension) family, which in vertebrates is made up of homeodomain proteins belonging to the PBC (Pbx1 to Pbx4), Prep (Prep1 and Prep2), and Meis (Meis1 to Meis3) subfamilies (10, 19).

Mammalian Pbx and Prep proteins perform essential functions in development. The role of Prep1 in development has been studied in the zebra fish and mouse. In zebra fish, Prep1.1 down-regulation leads to an embryonic lethal phenotype, with major homeotic defects which include the loss of expression of several anterior Hox genes, weak circulation, and neural and cranial abnormalities (14). Prep1 is expressed ubiquitously in the embryonic and adult mouse but at different levels in different organs (18). A Prep1 null mutation causes lethality around gastrulation (L. C. Fernandez-Diaz, N. G. Copeland, and F. Blasi, unpublished data) while an hypomorphic mouse (Prep1^i/i) has a leaky embryonic lethal phenotype characterized mostly by hematopoietic and angiogenic defects (E. Ferretti, P. Di Rosa, J.-C. Villaescuss, L. C. Fernandez-Diaz, E. Longobardi, R. Mazzieri, A. Miccio, N. Micali, C. Ferrai, V. M. Diaz, L. Selleri, G. Ferrari, and F. Blasi, submitted for publication).

In mice, the ablation of the Pbx1 gene leads to embryonic lethality around embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5), with a variety of developmental defects in head skeleton specification and differentiation (43), maintenance of definitive hematopoiesis (16), and pancreas, kidney, and thymus organogenesis (26, 42). Pbx2^–/– mice are asymptomatic, while Pbx3^–/– mice die at birth (P0) due to deficient central hypoventilation (39, 44).

The deletion of the mouse Meis1 gene causes embryonic lethality and major hematopoietic defects (4, 23). Therefore, at least Pbx1, Meis1, and Prep1 genes are involved in various aspects of hematopoiesis. However, little information is available on the roles of these proteins in T-cell development.

Prep1 and Pbx are also expressed in the adult and therefore are likely to perform important postnatal functions that are only partially known. In fact, the thymus is one of the organs in which Prep1 expression is highest in both the embryo and adult (18). Pbx1 and Pbx3, on the other hand, are expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (16, 38) but are down-regulated at the start of T-cell development, while Pbx2 is turned on at this time and is then expressed throughout (46). However, T-cell development is not affected in Pbx2^–/– mice, in which the overall level of Pbx proteins is not changed, as the absence of Pbx2 is compensated for by other Pbx family members (44). No information is available on the expression of Meis genes in the thymus.

Prep1 protein is regulated by the heterodimerization with members of the Pbx and Meinox families (8-11, 19, 21). Vertebrate Prep proteins lack a nuclear localization signal and need to dimerize with Pbx to enter the nucleus, while in dimeric forms they protect Pbx from being exported from the nucleus (6, 19).

Prep and Meis proteins may also control the level of their Pbx partners. Overexpression of Prep1 increases the half-life (and hence the level) of Pbx2 and Pbx1 in F9 cell lines by preventing their proteasomal degradation (30). On the other hand, down-regulation of Prep1 in zebra fish causes a drastic decrease in Pbx2 and Pbx4, and in the mouse, it causes a decrease in all Pbx proteins (15; Ferretti et al., submitted). Likewise, overexpression of Meis1 results in an increased level of Pbx4 in zebra fish embryos by a posttranscriptional protein-stabilizing mechanism (51).

The high level of expression of Prep1 suggests its involvement in thymus development and/or function. We have studied a hypomorphic Prep1^i/i mouse line that expresses 5 to 10% of the normal level of Prep1. Prep1^i/i embryos die between E17.5 and P0 and present a profound alteration in the hematopoietic development with a deficient radioprotection activity of fetal liver (FL) progenitors and all colony-forming progenitors and profound anemia (Ferretti et al., submitted). However, a small percentage of the Prep1^i/i embryos are born alive and subsequently live for at least 14 months. In this study, we examined these Prep1^i/i mice to study postnatal T-cell development. We explored expression of the TALE family proteins in the thymi of wild-type (wt) mice and confirmed that Prep1 and Pbx2 are highly expressed, Pbx3 is expressed at low levels, but none of the other Pbx and Meis gene products were detected. Prep1-deficient mice displayed a complex phenotype, with a decrease in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes, an increase in T cells in the periphery, and a deficient thymocyte development in the thymus, characterized by an increase in CD4^– CD8^– double-negative (DN) thymocytes and T-cell progenitors and a decrease in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ single-positive (SP) cells. These defects were intrinsic to hematopoietic progenitors, since the T-cell phenotype of mice that survived lethal irradiation and transplantation of Prep1^i/i fetal liver cells was similar to that of adult Prep1^i/i mice. Importantly, in Prep1^i/i cells the level of Pbx2 was essentially undetectable, indicating that both Prep1 and Pbx2 are required for proper T-cell development.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Generation of Prep1^i/i hypomorphic mice. The Prep1^i/i gene was targeted in an embryonic stem cell line isolated from a library (129/SvEvBrd strain) of embryonic stem cells randomly targeted with a retroviral vector (VICTR45) at Lexicon Genetics, Inc. (The Woodlands, Texas). The details will be described elsewhere (Ferretti et al., submitted). In this paper, all Prep1^i/i mice were generated by heterozygous mice backcrossed four times with wild-type C57BL/6 mice.

PCR genotyping of Prep1^i/i hypomorphic mice. On the basis of the genomic sequence (19), Prep1-specific oligonucleotides Prep-F1 and Prep-R1 were synthesized. Oligonucleotide Prep-R1 was used in combination with the vector-specific LTR2 oligonucleotide to amplify 230 bp in the disrupted allele, while the combination of Prep-F1 and Prep-R1 amplifies 300 bp of the wt allele. The sequences of the oligonucleotides are as follows: Prep-F1, 5'-CCAAGGGCAGTAAGAGAAGCTCTGGAG-3'; Prep-R1, 5'-GGAGTGCCAACCATGTTAAGAAGAAGTCCC-3'; and LTR2, 5'-CAAAATGGCGTTACTTAAGCTAGCTTGCC-3'.

PCR conditions were as follows: 5 min at 95°C; 30 cycles of denaturation (45 s at 94°C), annealing (1 min at 62°C), and elongation (1 min at 72°C); followed by a final extension step (5 min at 72°C).

Antibodies. The following antibodies were used in this study: anti-CD4 (RM4-5) conjugated to CyChrome, phycoerythrin (PE), or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC); anti-CD8a (53-6.7) conjugated to CyChrome or allophycocyanin (APC); anti-CD3e (145-2C11) conjugated to CyChrome; anti-CD25 (7D4) conjugated to APC; anti-CD44 (IM7) conjugated to PE; anti-T-cell receptor ß-chain (anti-TCRß) (H57-597) conjugated to FITC; anti-TCRß (H57-597) conjugated to biotin; anti-TCR (GL-3); anti-CD69 (H1.2F3) conjugated to PE; anti-CD127 (SB/199) conjugated to PE; anti-CD45.1 (A20) conjugated to PE; anti-CD45.2 (104) conjugated to biotin; and anti-CD16/CD32 (Fc receptor; 24G2) (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).

Anti-Pbx1, anti-Pbx2, and anti-Pbx3 (SC891X) antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Anti-Prep1 (Meis4) and anti-Meis (Meis1, Meis2, and Meis3) are from Upstate Biotechnology (Upstate House, Dundee, United Kingdom). The anti-Pbx1b, anti-Pbx3a, and anti-Pbx3b antibodies were a generous gift from Michael Cleary. Anti-Prep1 polyclonal antibody was prepared in our laboratory (7).

The following secondary reagents were used: streptavidin-APC (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), streptavidin-FITC (Caltag Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), sheep anti-mouse and donkey anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Amersham Biosciences, Amersham Place, United Kingdom), and rabbit anti-goat IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA).

Flow cytometry. Thymi, spleens, lymph nodes (LN) (inguinal, cervical, axillary, and brachial), and peripheral blood samples were obtained from littermate mice that were 6 to 12 weeks old (unless specified otherwise). Cell suspensions were obtained by gentle disruption, passage through a cell strainer (40-µm nylon), and washing the cells with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After red blood cell lysis, lymphocyte subsets were analyzed for detection of both surface and intracellular proteins. Briefly, 5 x 10⁵ cells were incubated with anti-CD16/CD32 (Fc receptor) antibody to block Fc receptors. Surface staining was performed in binding buffer (PBS containing 3% fetal bovine serum [FBS] and 0.1% NaN₃) for 15 min on ice for two, three, or four colors and analyzed by a FACScan or FACSCalibur flow cytometer. For intracellular staining, cells were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 min at room temperature and permeabilized with 0.5% saponin in PBS containing 3% FBS. Data analysis was performed with CellQuest software (BD Biosciences).

Thymocyte purification and cell sorting. Double-negative thymocytes were obtained by rabbit anti-CD4 (monoclonal antibody [MAb] 1.72) and anti-CD8 (MAb 31 M) complement-mediated lysis. Residual CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells were negatively gated by staining with CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD4 and CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD8 antibodies or further purified by magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) when necessary. For cell sorting, total thymocytes were stained with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-TCRß antibodies and CD4⁺ CD8⁺ double-positive (DP), DN, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ (CD8⁺ ßTCR^high [cells with high levels of the ßT-cell receptor {ßTCR]) subpopulations of thymocytes were sorted by a FACS Vantage cell sorter.

BrdU assay. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (1 mg) was injected intraperitoneally, and the thymi were taken 1 hour after injection. Cell cycle analysis was performed with BrdU-flow kit (BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Quantitation of apoptosis by annexin V. Thymocytes were incubated in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 2 mM glutamine, 25 mM HEPES, ß-mercaptoethanol, and penicillin/streptomycin at a concentration of 1 x 10⁶ cells per 200 µl in 96-well plates. Cells were collected at different time points and stained as described above with antibodies to CD4⁺ and CD8⁺. The percentage of annexin V-positive, 7-aminoactinomycin D (7AAD)-negative cells was determined with a FITC-annexin V kit (BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Protein extract preparation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from lymphocytes were purified according to a published protocol (17). The electrophoretic mobility shift assay was performed as described previously (7). The O1 oligonucleotide probe used (5'-CACCTGAGAGTGACAGAAGGAAGGCAGGGAG-3') contains a binding site for Prep1-Pbx from the urokinase enhancer (underlined) (7).

Immunoblotting. Nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extracts (30 µg each) were resolved by 8 to 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA) in a semidry blotting apparatus. The membranes were incubated with anti-Prep1 (1:2,000), anti-Pbx1b (1:1,000), anti-Pbx2 (1:2,000), and anti-Meis (1:2,000) antibodies. Blots were developed with SuperSignal Westpico or SuperSignal Westdura chemiluminescence substrate (Pierce, Rockford, IL).

Total RNA isolation and RT-PCR. RNA was isolated from thymocytes by the TRIZOL method (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Five million cells were used for RNA isolation from unsorted thymocytes or DP thymocytes, and 1 million cells were used for RNA isolation from DN and CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ SP subsets of thymocytes. RNA was reverse transcribed with SuperScript II (Invitrogen) using oligo(dT) following the instructions of the manufacturer. cDNA was amplified on a GeneAmp 2400 machine (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) under the following conditions: 1 cycle of 94°C for 3 min; 26 cycles (for Prep1, Pbx1, and Pbx2) or 24 cycles (for ß-actin), with 1 cycle consisting of 94°C for 45 s, 60°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min; and 1 cycle of 72°C for 5 min. Pbx3-specific DNA fragments (Pbx3a and Pbx3b) were amplified using the following conditions: 1 cycle of 94°C for 3 min; 28 cycles of 94°C for 45 s, 57°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min; and 1 cycle of 72°C for 5 min. The following primer sets were used: for Prep1, 5-AGTAGGAAGCACCAACGG-3' and 5'-ACCTGAGCAGAAACTGGAG-3'; for Pbx1, 5'-CAGAGTTTGGATGAGGCGCAGG-3' and 5'-GAACTTGCGGTGGATGATGCTG-3'; for Pbx2, 5'-GCCACAGCCGCACCAGCTCT-3' and 5'-GGACACCCCACTCTCCCTG-3'; for Pbx3, 5'-GAGCTGGCCAAGAAATGCAG-3' and 5'-GAAGATGGAGTTGTTGCGTCC-3'; for ß-actin, 5'-GGCATCCTGACCCTGAAGT-3 and 5'-CGGATGTCAACGTCACACTT-3. Controls without reverse transcriptase (no-RT controls) for each reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) were also performed.

In vitro proliferation of T cells. Thymocytes and lymphocytes were recovered from the thymi and lymph nodes of Prep1^i/i, Prep1^i/+, and Prep1^+/+ mice and labeled with (5- and 6-)carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) according to the manufacturer's instructions (Molecular Probes, Carlsbad, CA). Cells were plated on 24-well plates with different concentrations of plate-bound anti-CD3 antibody (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/ml) with or without anti-CD28 antibody (5 µg/ml). The concentrations of the cells were 2 x 10⁶ per well for thymocytes and 1 x 10⁶ per well for lymphocytes. Three and five days later, cells were harvested, stained with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-TCRß (in the case of thymocytes), and analyzed by flow cytometry.

Repopulation experiments. CD45.1 C57BL/6 recipient mice (6 to 8 weeks old) were lethally irradiated (1,100 cGy delivered in a single dose) using an X-ray source (150 kV, 11.9 mA). Single-cell suspensions from E14.5 wt or Prep1^i/i fetal livers (FLs) were prepared by passage through a cell strainer (40-µm nylon), and two million FL CD45.2 cells from wild-type or Prep1^i/i embryos were transplanted by injection into the tail veins of irradiated recipients. After FL cell transplantation, recipient mice were maintained on antibiotic water containing neomycin sulfate (0.016 g/liter). The survival of mice was monitored daily for 30 days and then once a week for 8 months after transplantation.

Apoptosis kinetic analysis. Thymocytes were incubated in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine, 25 mM HEPES, 100 U/ml of penicillin, and 100 U/ml of streptomycin at a concentration of 1 x 10⁶ cells per 200 µl in 96-well plates. Cells were collected at various time points and stained as described above with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-TCRß antibodies. The total number of viable cells was determined by trypan blue exclusion and staining of thymocytes with TOPRO-3 (Molecular Probes). The number of DN, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ mature, and DP thymocytes was calculated for each time point.

	RESULTS

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Prep1 is expressed throughout postnatal thymic development. We previously observed that Prep1 is highly expressed in the mouse thymus (18). To better characterize Prep1 expression during thymic development, CD4^– CD8^– double-negative, CD4⁺ CD8⁺ double-positive, CD4⁺ CD8^– and CD4^– CD8⁺ single-positive thymocytes were isolated by cell sorting and analyzed by RT-PCR. Figure 1A and B show that Prep1 mRNA was almost uniformly expressed during thymocyte development, in keeping with a recent report (46).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Expression of Prep1 during T-cell development in wild-type and Prep1i/i mice. (A) RT-PCR analysis of sorted subpopulations of wild-type thymocytes. Total RNA was isolated from DN, DP, CD4+ (CD4), and CD8+ (CD8) cells. Serial dilutions (1:5) of cDNA were amplified with Prep1 and ß-actin primers (see Materials and Methods). (B) Relative amounts of the Prep1 PCR product are shown in the histogram. (C) Nuclear (N) and cytoplasmic (C) extracts of Prep1i/i (i/i) and their wild-type controls (+/+) were blotted onto PVDF membranes and incubated with anti-Prep1 antibody. Nuclear extract from a Prep1-overexpressing cell line (F9) (30) was used as a positive control. Notice the overexposure of the Prep1 row (middle blot) to check for possible Prep1 protein. Anti-Sp1 and anti-ß-actin antibodies were used as loading controls for nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. (D) RT-PCR analysis of Prep1 expression. RNA was isolated from total thymocytes from two Prep1i/i mice (i/i) and their wild-type control littermates (+/+). In the case of Prep1i/i mRNA, 32 cycles of PCR were performed, while for ß-actin mRNA, only 24 cycles were performed. The no-RT control shows the absence of product in a parallel reaction without the addition of reverse transcriptase. Primers for ß-actin were used as a control.

In the thymi of Prep1^i/i mice, Prep1 protein was not detectable either in the nuclear or cytoplasmic extracts (Fig. 1C). Upon overexposure of the blots, an extremely faint band comigrating with Prep1 appeared in the nuclear fraction (Fig. 1C, middle blot). Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of the thymi from 8-week-old mice revealed that Prep1 mRNA was barely detectable in Prep1^i/i thymus with an RT-PCR carried out for 32 cycles (Fig. 1D). This mRNA was also observed at 2 to 3% of the wt level in the E10.5 Prep1^i/i whole embryo (Ferretti etal., submitted). The exact amount of Prep1 mRNA in the thymi of Prep1^i/i mice was not measured quantitatively.

The thymi from Prep1^i/i mice show a major reduction of the Pbx2 level. Since no difference was observed between wt and heterozygous Prep1^+/i mice (not shown), we used wt and heterozygous littermates as controls throughout the experiments reported in this paper. We showed that Prep1 controls the level of Pbx proteins in Prep1^i/i mice (Ferretti et al., submitted). We therefore analyzed the thymic expression of the TALE genes Pbx1, Pbx2, Pbx3, Meis1, Meis2, Meis3, and Prep2. While Pbx1 mRNA was barely detectable, Pbx2 and Pbx3 (Pbx3a and Pbx3b) mRNA were expressed at visible levels in Prep1^+/i mice (Fig. 2A and B). However, the level of Pbx3 mRNA expressed was much lower (at least 10-fold) than that of Pbx2. Detailed RT-PCR analysis in sorted thymocyte subpopulations of wild-type C57BL/6 mice showed that Pbx3 is expressed in DN thymocytes, down-regulated in DP thymocytes, and reexpressed again in SP (albeit, to a lesser extent) CD8⁺ thymocytes (Fig. 2C) in agreement with a gene expression profiling study (46). The lower expression of Pbx3 with respect to Pbx2 can partially be explained by the fact that Pbx3 is expressed only by some subsets of thymocytes (Fig. 2C), while Pbx2 is present at all stages of T-cell development (46).

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Analysis of expression of Prep1, Pbx, and Meis proteins in the wild-type and Prep1i/i mice. (A) RT-PCR analysis of Prep1, Pbx1, and Pbx2 expression. RNA was isolated from thymocytes from two Prep1i/i mice (i/i) and their heterozygous Prep1+/i (+/i) control littermates. The leftmost three lanes in the third blot represent PCR (26 cycles) with increasing amounts of wild-type cDNA to determine the optimal (nonsaturating) conditions. The no-RT controls show the absence of product in parallel reactions without the addition of reverse transcriptase. PCR for Pbx1 amplification was performed for 35 cycles (35c), instead of the 26 cycles used for Prep1, ß-actin, and Pbx2. Primers for ß-actin were used as a control. (B) RT-PCR analysis of Pbx3 expression in total thymocytes. RNA was isolated from thymocytes from two Prep1i/i mice (i/i) and their littermate heterozygous Prep1+/i controls (+/i). Serial dilutions (1:5) of cDNA were amplified with Pbx3 and ß-actin primers. PCR was performed for 28 cycles. The two PCR products correspond to Pbx3a and Pbx3b cDNA. (C) RT-PCR analysis of Pbx3 expression in subpopulations of wild-type thymocytes. RNA was isolated from DN, DP, CD4+ (CD4), and CD8+ (CD8) cells. cDNA was amplified with Pbx3 primers, and serial dilutions (1:5) of cDNA were amplified with ß-actin primers. PCR was performed for 28 and 32 cycles (Pbx3) and for 24 cycles (ß-actin). (D to F) Nuclear (N) and cytoplasmic (C) extracts of Prep1i/i (i/i) and their wild-type controls (+/+) were blotted onto PVDF membranes and incubated with anti-Pbx2 (D), anti-Pbx1b (E), or anti-Meis (F) antibodies. Anti-Sp1, anti-ß-actin, and anti-ß-tubulin antibodies were used as loading controls for nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. In panels E and F, a nuclear extract of the P19 cell line induced with retinoic acid (10–7 M) for 24 h was used as a positive control for the expression of Pbx1b and Meis proteins.

Finally, we performed electrophoretic mobility shift assays on nuclear extract from the thymus of a 9-week-old wild-type mouse (Fig. 3). For this assay we employed oligonucleotide O1, which has a high affinity for Prep-Pbx and Meis-Pbx dimers (9). A single band was visible; the band was displaced by an unlabeled probe and inhibited by the anti-Prep1 and anti-Pbx2 antibodies. No effect was observed with the anti-Pbx1 antibody. This result agrees with the immunoblotting results of Fig. 2 and shows that Prep1 and Pbx2 are the major DNA-binding partners and are specific for the Prep-Pbx sites. A major decrease, but not a total absence, of specific DNA-binding activity was observed with Prep1^i/i thymic extracts (Fig. 3). The minor residual activity agrees with Prep1^i/i mice being hypomorphic and is similar to the results obtained in whole-embryo extracts and in extracts of embryonic brain and liver (Ferretti et al., submitted).

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Prep-Pbx DNA-binding activity of the thymus is drastically decreased in Prep1i/i thymocytes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed with the radiolabeled O1 double-stranded oligonucleotide, incubated with nuclear extracts from the thymi of wild-type (+/+) or hypomorphic Prep1i/i (i/i) mice without (–) or with the addition of 200-fold excess unlabeled O1 (X 200) or with antibodies against Prep1, Pbx1, or Pbx2 (-Prep1, -Pbx1, or -Pbx2). Pbx2-Prep1 and Pbx1b-Prep1 arrows indicate the migration of complexes formed between Prep1 and Pbx2 or Prep1 and Pbx1b from HeLa cell nuclear extract. HeLa cell nuclear extract was used as a control. SS, supershift.

We did not study B-cell development in Prep1^i/i mice, but we found no changes in the number of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood (2,700/µl ± 650/µl in wild-type mice versus 3,600/µl ± 550/µl in Prep1^i/i mice) and spleen (44.5 x 10⁶ ± 6.3 x 10⁶ in wild-type mice versus 43.2 x 10⁶ ± 8.7 x 10⁶ in Prep1^i/i mice).

Analysis of T-cell development in Prep1^i/i mice. Next, we studied T-cell progenitors in the thymus. Cells recovered from the thymi of 6- to 10-week-old mice were stained with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 MAbs and analyzed by flow cytometry. Figure 4A shows one representative experiment, and Fig. 4B exhibits the data averaged from 10 mice, showing that the absolute numbers of DP thymocytes were comparable in Prep1^i/i mice and control littermates. However, we found a marked (two- to threefold) decrease in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ SP thymocytes (Fig. 4B and Table 1) and a clear increase in DN progenitors (Fig. 4B). DN thymocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with anti-CD25 and anti-CD44 MAbs (Fig. 4C). Both the total number of DN cells (Fig. 4B) and the numbers of DN1 (CD44⁺ CD25^–), DN2 (CD44⁺ CD25⁺), DN3 (CD44^– CD25⁺), and DN4 (CD44^– CD25^–) cell subpopulations were significantly increased in the thymi of Prep1^i/i mice over those of wild-type littermates (Fig. 4C and D), while no difference in the frequency of the single subpopulations of DN thymocytes was observed (not shown).

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Flow cytometric analysis of thymocytes from Prep1i/i mice and their wild-type controls. (A) Thymocytes were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD4, CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD8, and FITC-conjugated anti-TCRß antibodies. Viable cells were gated according to their forward scatter (FCS) and side scatter (SCS) characteristics. One representative of 10 independent experiments is shown. (B) Absolute numbers of DN, DP, CD4+ (CD4), and CD8+ (CD8) thymocytes from wild-type mice and Prep1i/i mice. Mature CD8+ cells were distinguished from intermediate single-positive cells by their high ßTCR surface expression. Values that were significantly different are indicated (**, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001). Notice the different scale in the ordinates of DP cells. (C) Flow cytometric analysis of DN thymocytes from Prep1i/i mice and their wild-type controls. DN cells were enriched by rabbit anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 complement-mediated lysis (see Materials and Methods). DN thymocytes were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD44 and APC-conjugated anti-CD25 antibodies. Viable cells were gated according to their FCS and SCS characteristics. One representative experiment of 10 independent experiments is shown. (D) Absolute numbers of DN1 (CD44+ CD25–), DN2 (CD44+ CD25+), DN3 (CD44– CD25+), and DN4 (CD44– CD25–) within DN cells. The cells were from wild-type mice (open bars) or from Prep1i/i mice (black bars). Values that were significantly different are indicated (**, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001).

Pre-TCR signaling is normal in Prep1^i/i mice. We then tried to understand the reasons for the increase in DN cells and decrease in SP cells in Prep1^i/i mice. DN thymocyte development proceeds through the TCRß selection dependent on the surface expression of pre-TCR (50). We reasoned that the increase in DN3 and DN4 thymocytes could be due to changes in pre-TCR expression, and we compared the levels of intracellular expression of rearranged TCR ß-chain (icTCRß) in Prep1^i/i and control littermates. Twenty-five percent of DN3 thymocytes in both Prep1^i/i and control mice were icTCRß positive, while up to 80% of DN4 thymocytes expressed intracellular TCRß (Fig. 5A and B). These results were indistinguishable from those in the literature (52) and suggested that Prep1 deficiency did not impair intracellular pre-TCR expression. Pre-TCR signaling determines proliferation, survival, differentiation, and allelic exclusion of DN ß thymocytes (ß-selection) (49). We performed in vivo BrdU labeling experiments, which allowed us to determine the percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. The number of dividing thymocytes was not different in wild-type and Prep1^i/i mice (not shown), indicating that pre-TCR signaling was not significantly altered (27).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Characterization of ßTCR, TCR, and CD69 expression in thymocytes from Prep1i/i mice. (A and B) Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular TCRß expression in thymocytes from Prep1i/i and Prep1+/+ mice. Purified DN cells were surface stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD44 and APC-conjugated anti-CD25 antibodies. DP thymocytes were directly gated after surface staining with PE-conjugated anti-CD4 and APC-conjugated anti-CD8 antibodies. Viable cells were gated according to their forward scatter (FCS) and side scatter (SCS) characteristics. Surface TCRß was preblocked with excess unlabeled, purified MAb. Thymocytes were fixed, permeabilized, and stained intracellularly with FITC-conjugated anti-TCRß antibody (gray histograms) or with control immunoglobulin (thin lines). (A) One example of DN4 gated thymocytes is shown. The percentage of icTCRß-positive thymocytes is shown above the bar. (B) Average percentages of DN3, DN4, and DP thymocytes positive for icTCRß from six Prep1i/i or wild-type control mice. (C and D) Flow cytometric analysis of surface ßTCR and TCR expression in total thymocytes from Prep1i/i and Prep1+/+ mice. (C) Total thymocytes were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-TCRß and APC-conjugated anti-TCR antibodies. Viable cells were gated according to their FCS and SCS characteristics. The percentages of ßTCRhigh and TCR+ cells are shown. One representative experiment of eight independent experiments is shown. (D) Average percentage of thymocytes positive for ßTCR (ß) and TCR () for eight mice each for Prep1i/i, heterozygous, and wild-type control mice. Values that were significantly different (P < 0.001) are indicated (***). (E) Total thymocytes were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-TCRß and PE-conjugated anti-CD69 antibodies. Viable cells were gated according to their FCS and SCS characteristics. The percentages of CD69+ßTCRhigh and CD69+ßTCRlow cells are shown in the squares. One representative experiment of eight independent experiments is shown.

Signaling through the TCR determines the up-regulation of CD69, a lymphocyte activation marker (22, 48), which is dependent on the protein kinase C activation pathway. In keeping with the reduced frequency of thymocytes expressing surface ßTCR, the frequency of ßTCR^high CD69⁺ cells was decreased twofold in Prep1^i/i mice with respect to heterozygous Prep1^i/+ controls when analyzed both within total thymocytes (Fig. 5E) and DP thymocyte populations (not shown). These data indicate a defect in the generation of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ SP thymocytes in Prep1^i/i mice. The ratio between thymocytes expressing high and low levels of CD69 among ßTCR^high thymocytes was the same in control and Prep1^i/i mice, showing that those cells that express CD69 contained a functional ßTCR.

The survival of DP thymocytes in Prep1^i/i mice is impaired. Prep1^i/i mice display a decrease in SP but not in DP thymocytes. Pro- and antiapoptotic factors are tightly regulated at this stage of development and control positive and negative selection (12, 41). We tested the tendency to apoptosis of total thymocytes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis with FITC-conjugated annexin V (see Materials and Methods). Thymocyte suspensions from Prep1^i/i mice and their heterozygous control littermates were analyzed by flow cytometry measuring the percentage of 7-AAD-negative, annexin V-positive cells. The percentages of Prep1^i/i DN, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ cells were not different from those of controls (data not shown). However, Prep1^i/i DP thymocytes displayed a higher number of 7-AAD-negative, annexin V-positive cells than control thymocytes (52% versus 37%) (Fig. 6A). This indicates that DP thymocytes from Prep1^i/i mice displayed a larger frequency of apoptotic cells than their heterozygous counterpart ex vivo. The results of Fig. 6A have been reproduced with six different mice.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Decreased in vitro survival of DP thymocytes from Prep1i/i mice. DP thymocytes from Prep1i/i mice and their heterozygous littermate controls were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD4, APC-conjugated anti-CD8, FITC-conjugated annexin V, and 7AAD ex vivo prior to FACS analysis. (A) A representative example of DP gated thymocytes is shown. (B and C) Survival kinetics of DP (B) or of CD4+ CD8+ SP thymocytes (C) from Prep1i/i (i/i) mice and their heterozygous Prep1+/i (+/i) littermate controls. Thymocytes (1 x 106 cells per well in a 96-well plate) were incubated at 37°C and collected at various time points. For each time point, the total number of viable thymocytes and the percentage of DP thymocytes were determined (see Materials and Methods). In panel B, the data are expressed as the absolute number of surviving DP thymocytes; in panel C, the data are expressed as the percentage of viable CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes in each well.

Prep1^i/i single-positive thymocytes have a lower proliferation response to stimulation with anti-CD3 or anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28. The reduced number of SP CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ thymocytes as well as peripheral T cells in Prep1^i/i mice can also be influenced by changes in SP thymocyte TCR-dependent proliferation (28, 29, 37). One of the well-accepted models to study TCR-induced proliferation is the CFSE dilution of CFSE-labeled cells in response to anti-CD3 stimulation (31), which can be used to mimic the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes in response to self peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (14). In order to test whether Prep1^i/i cells can respond to TCR stimulation, we labeled wild-type and Prep1^i/i thymocytes with CFSE and measured the in vitro proliferation capacity of SP thymocytes upon ßTCR activation with anti-CD3 alone and anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies (see Materials and Methods). CD4⁺ SP cells from Prep1^i/i mice showed a lower proliferation capacity than CD4⁺ SP cells from wild-type mice (most of the cells had undergone three cycles of division versus four cycles in the wild type) when stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Prep1^i/i CD8⁺ SP cells showed a similar effect (four cycles versus five cycles) (Fig. 7).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. In vitro proliferation of SP thymocytes after ßTCR stimulation. CFSE-labeled total thymocytes (see Materials and Methods) were stimulated by plate-bound antibodies (anti-CD3 [10 mg/ml] plus anti-CD28 [5 mg/ml]) for 3 days, stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD4 and CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD8 antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4 and CD8 gated single-positive thymocytes from Prep1i/i mice and their wild-type littermate controls (Prep1+/+) are shown. CFSE-labeled unstimulated cells are shown by thin lines in each histogram. The numbers of cell divisions are shown above the histograms.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8. The numbers of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T cells were lower in Prep1i/i mice than in wild-type mice. Lymph node cells from Prep1i/i and wild-type littermates were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD4, APC-conjugated anti-CD8, and PE-conjugated anti-CD44 antibodies. Viable cells were gated according to their forward scatter and side scatter characteristics. The absolute numbers of CD44high and CD44low cells for CD4 and CD8 gated lymphocytes are shown in the histogram. Values that were significantly different are indicated (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001).

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 9. Wild-type mice with E14.5 Prep1i/i FL cells transplanted recapitulate the phenotype of Prep1i/i mice. (A) Thymocyte analysis of wild-type mice transplanted with wild-type or Prep1i/i fetal liver cells. The total number of donor-derived thymocytes (gated on CD45.2-positive cells), the number of CD45.2+ DN, DP, SP CD4+ (CD4). and SP CD8+ (CD8), ßTCR (ß), and TCR () thymic cells are shown. Notice the different scale of the ordinate in the right graph. (B) Analysis of lymphocytes from the spleens and lymph nodes of mice transplanted with wild-type or Prep1i/i fetal liver cells. The absolute number of CD4+ and CD8+ donor-derived (gated on CD45.2-positive) T cells is shown. Values that were significantly different or not significantly different are indicated as follows: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; NS, not statistically significant.

	DISCUSSION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Prep1 and Pbx2 are involved in T-cell development. Our data establish that Prep1 and Pbx2 are the major Meinox proteins expressed in the C57BL/6 mouse thymus, with Pbx1 and Pbx3 present at extremely low levels. The analysis of hypomorphic Prep1^i/i mice indicates that Prep1 and Pbx2 have important roles in T-cell development at both the postnatal and embryonic stages.

Indeed, in both the embryo and newborn mice, the most dramatic molecular phenotype of Prep1^i/i mice is a drastic reduction of Pbx proteins in most organs (Ferretti et al., submitted). We have found no expression of Pbx proteins other than Pbx2 and Pbx3 (the latter at low levels and in subsets of thymocytes) (Fig. 2) in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The Pbx2 protein was absent in Prep1^i/i mice, while the level of Pbx3 mRNA expression was not changed (Fig. 2). Moreover, the deficiency of Prep1 in Prep1^i/i mice is not complemented by other Meinox family members, such as Meis1, -2, and -3 or Prep2, as they are not found in the thymi of either wild-type or Prep1^i/i mice. This results in the almost complete absence of specific DNA-binding activity in the thymus extracts of Prep1^i/i mice (Fig. 3). Our data agree with expression profiling studies during T-cell development, showing that Pbx1 and Pbx3 mRNAs, which are present in the progenitor cells (38), are turned off during thymus colonization at the DN1-DN2 transition (46). Pbx3 is then reexpressed at low levels at the DN2-DN3 transition and shut off again prior to DP formation. Pbx2, on the other hand, is expressed constitutively starting from DN1 during the entire developmental period (46).

Pbx and Meinox proteins form dimers that acquire nuclear localization and DNA-binding activity (1, 6, 9, 11). Since the major Pbx protein expressed in the thymi of wild-type mice is Pbx2, the main DNA-binding activity specific for Pbx-responsive elements depends almost exclusively on the contribution of Pbx2 and Prep1 and is almost completely absent in the Prep1^i/i thymocytes (Fig. 3), especially in the DP subpopulation where Pbx3 expression is down-regulated. In DN cells, Pbx3-Prep1 dimers might contribute to the DNA-binding activity, and the relatively mild phenotype of Prep1^i/i mice at the early stages of thymocyte development might be partially accounted for by residual Pbx3-Prep1 activity present in Prep1^i/i hypomorphic mice.

The decrease in Pbx2 appears to be due to a posttranscriptional mechanism (possibly protein destabilization), since the level of Pbx2 mRNA remains normal (Fig. 2). Indeed, Prep1 appears to control both expression and stability of Pbx and Meis proteins in both mice (Ferretti et al., submitted) and zebra fish (15). A stabilizing effect of Prep1 for Pbx2 and Pbx1b was demonstrated in F9 teratocarcinoma cells overexpressing Prep1 (30).

In the thymus primordium of wild-type mice at E17.5, Pbx2 is expressed while Pbx1 and Pbx3 are not. Moreover, the shorter form Pbx1b is present at low levels (44). However, while the embryos of Pbx1^–/– mice (embryonic lethal at E15.5) display an ectopic thymus (43), with an anomalous formation of the third-pouch-derived thymus/parathyroid primordia, delayed expression of differentiation markers, and reduced proliferation of thymic epithelium (33), Pbx2^–/– mice do not display any phenotype and are not affected in thymus development (44). However, in the Pbx2^–/– mice, the absence of Pbx2 appears to be compensated for by the increase in other Pbx forms, which hence obscures the phenotype (44). The use of Prep1^i/i mice has allowed us to uncover the roles of Prep1 and Pbx2 in thymocyte development. However, our data do not exclude an additional essential role for Pbx3.

At embryonic and postnatal stages of T-cell development, different Pbx proteins are expressed (Pbx1 and/or Pbx3 in the embryo versus Pbx2 and Pbx3 in the adult (38) (Fig. 2). Therefore, it is likely that Prep1 exhibits its functions on T-cell development by interacting with different Pbx partners at different stages. Indeed, the deficiency of Prep1 results in reduction of Pbx proteins in both the embryo and adult (Ferretti etal., submitted).

Prep1 deficiency hampers T-cell precursors. The absence of Prep1 and Pbx2 in the Prep1^i/i mice appears to hamper T-cell development both at the stage of embryonic progenitors and in the life of the adult. The earliest specific defect we observed in postnatal thymus was a relative 50% decrease in DN cells (Table 1 and Fig. 4). Intracellular TCRß expression was normal in Prep1^i/i mice (Fig. 5A and B), as well as the proliferation of immature T-cell precursors (data not shown). As proliferation of DN cells relies on pre-TCR expression and pre-TCR-dependent signaling (27), the normal proliferation and the absence of an anomalous frequency of single subpopulations of DN cells from Prep1^i/i mice possibly indicate that pre-TCR signaling is not hampered in these cells. Indeed, there was no statistically significant reduction of DP cells in vivo, as expected. However, among DP cells, a twofold increase in apoptosis and a decrease in ßTCR^high thymocytes were detected (Fig. 5 and 6; also data not shown). Accordingly, we also found a twofold reduction of the CD69-expressing cells in the Prep1^i/i thymus (Fig. 5E). Finally, we observed more than 50% reduction of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ SP cells in the thymus (Table 1). T cells were found to be increased by two- to threefold (Fig. 5C and D).

Prep1^i/i embryonic progenitors of T cells were functionally impaired. Indeed, lethally irradiated mice transplanted with two million Prep1^i/i FL cells developed T cells with deficiencies very similar to those of the Prep1^i/i mice themselves. As shown in Fig. 9A, the thymic cellular pattern was almost identical to the pattern of Prep1^i/i mice. In addition, the FL-transplanted mice displayed the same spleen and LN defects observed in the hypomorphic mice (Fig. 9B). Therefore, the defect was intrinsic to FL progenitors and did not originate in the postnatal thymus.

Functional basis of T-cell deficiency in Prep1^i/i mice. Our observations indicate that Prep1 is required for T-cell development, possibly at multiple stages. The earliest defects in Prep1^i/i thymocyte development were a 50% increase in DN cell number and a twofold increase in T cells. This could be due to some molecular mechanisms yet to be found or simply to the reduced competition for prosurvival cytokines, such as interleukin 7 (IL-7). Indeed, IL-7 is indispensable for the normal maintenance and proliferation of both TCR and DN ßTCR progenitors (24, 25, 34). It was shown recently that the level of IL-7, which is produced by stromal cells, is limiting in the thymus and a down-regulation of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) in DP thymocytes is required in order to avoid IL-7 starvation of DN progenitors (35). IL-7R is reexpressed again during positive selection, providing necessary survival capacity to SP cells by up-regulating Bcl-2 (35). In Prep1^i/i mice there was a two- to threefold reduction of ßTCR^high cells (Fig. 5) and a corresponding decrease in IL-7R-positive thymocytes, as confirmed by both RT-PCR and FACS analysis (data not shown). As a consequence, more IL-7 might be available to DN and TCR progenitors.

In Prep1^i/i mice there was a twofold reduction of the total ßTCR^high thymocytes. The number of ßTCR^high CD69⁺ thymocytes was also reduced, and the same decrease was already seen among DP thymocyte subpopulations. CD69 is a marker of positive selection and is transiently up-regulated on the ßTCR^int and ßTCR^high thymocytes developing in the presence of selecting ligand/MHC (45). In contrast, DP thymocytes developing in the absence of selecting MHC complexes could not be induced to up-regulate CD69 by TCR cross-linking even when they express high-density ßTCR (45). In Prep1^i/i mice, apart from the ßTCR^high cell reduction, there was also a 20% decrease in ßTCR^int cells among DP thymocytes, indicating that a loss of Prep1 blocks the early DP conversion from TCR^low to CD4^low CD8^low/+ TCR^int stage. The failure of DP thymocytes to mature to TCR^int and TCR^high stages might account for the increased frequency of apoptotic cells, possibly dying by neglect. Indeed, we showed that in vitro survival of DP thymocytes was impaired and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased. One of the critical players in DP thymocyte survival, Bcl-xL, is important for DP survival prior to selection signals (12, 41). We checked the expression of Bcl-xL protein by Western blotting analysis and found that it was normal in Prep1^i/i thymocytes (data not shown). Thus, BcL-xL dysregulation does not appear to account for the increased frequency of apoptotic cells in Prep1^i/i mice.

The reduced survival of DP thymocytes could at least in part account for the reduced number of SP cells. However, we also found that SP thymocytes from Prep1^i/i mice proliferated less to TCR stimulation in vitro (Fig. 7). The proliferation rate of SP thymocytes in wild-type mice greatly influences the number of mature T cells leaving the thymus, since around 50% of them have divided in the last 24 h of their development in the thymus. Calculations show that the thymic production is roughly doubled due to this late thymocyte expansion (29). Therefore, the reduced proliferative ability of SP cells might account for the decreased number of peripheral lymphocytes.

The Prep1^i/i mutation affected not only thymic, but also peripheral T cells. A twofold decrease in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes was also present in the periphery, i.e., spleen, blood, and LN (Table 1). The total number of B cells was not changed (data not shown). Spleen cellularity was normal in the tested Prep1^i/i mice, possibly because the decrease in lymphocyte number was compensated for by an increase in Ter-119-positive erythroid progenitors (data not shown). The LNs from Prep1^i/i mice were smaller and contained 30 to 50% fewer cells.

The decrease in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the periphery was mainly accounted for by the reduction of the naïve (CD44^low) cells, while the number of memory (or memory-like) CD44^high cells remained normal (CD8⁺) or was reduced only 30% (CD4⁺). The almost normal number of CD44^high cells could be explained by the fact that peripheral T cells might be undergoing lymphopenia-driven homeostatic proliferation and acquire a memory-like phenotype. This is usually more pronounced in CD8⁺ cells than in CD4⁺ T cells, thus explaining the difference between CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes (5, 13). In spite of possible homeostatic compensatory mechanisms, the naïve T-cell pool (CD44^low) is mostly dependent on thymus T-cell production to reconstitute the peripheral space (3, 20). We are currently dissecting the relative contribution of homeostatic proliferation versus thymic output to better understand the peripheral phenotype of Prep1^i/i mice.

In conclusion, our data show that Prep1, Pbx2, and possibly Pbx3 are required for correct T-cell development. The fact that the defect in T-cell development in Prep1^i/i mice is only partial (i.e., a decrease of 50 to 75% in peripheral mature T cells) is most likely due to the hypomorphic nature of the Prep1 mutation and suggests that a complete lack of the protein would result in a more severe T-cell phenotype (possibly ablation). However, conditional knockout mice will be required to prove this point.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
This work was supported by grants from Telethon Fondazione Onlus, the Italian Ministry for Education and Research (MIUR), and the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC). Dmitri Penkov is grateful to the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) and to EMBO (European Molecular Biology Organization) for fellowships.

We are very grateful to M. Cleary who provided us with anti-Pbx1b, anti-Pbx3a, and anti-Pbx3b monoclonal antibodies.

	FOOTNOTES

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: DIBIT, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy. Phone: 39-02-2643 4744. Fax: 39-02-2643 4844. E-mail: Blasi.Francesco{at}hsr.it.

Present address: Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

Present address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021.

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