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Mol. Cell. Biol., 04 1995, 2263-2274, Vol 15, No. 4
B Roy and AS Lee
Mammalian GRP78/BiP is a stress-inducible 78-kDa endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
protein with molecular chaperone and calcium-binding properties. The
transactivation of grp78 by the calcium ionophore A23187 provides a model
system with which to study the signal transduction that allows mammalian
cells to sense calcium depletion in intracellular stores and activate
transcription of specific genes. Linker-scanning mutation analysis of the
grp78 promoter reveals that the single most important regulatory element is
C1, which contains a CCAAT motif most proximal to the TATA sequence. The C1
element is crucial for mediating the stimulatory effects by the upstream
regulatory elements under normal and stress conditions. In this report, we
establish that the heteromeric CCAAT-binding factor CBF is the major
component of the C1- binding factor (C1F) in human cells. A GGAGG motif
flanking the CCAAT sequence also contributes to high-affinity C1F/CBF
binding. We show here that the binding of C1F in vitro is sensitive to the
concentration of calcium ions. At high calcium ion concentrations, the
C1F-binding activity is lower because of a higher dissociation rate. This
binding characteristic correlates with the induction of grp78 transcription
in response to the depletion of intracellular calcium stores. The
strikingly similar behavior of C1F from nuclear extracts of control and
A23187-treated cells further suggests that C1F itself does not undergo any
major inherent changes after calium depletion stress. Rather, its binding
property could be modulated by the immediate calcium ionic environment in
stressed and nonstressed cells. On the basis of the in vitro and in vivo
site occupancies of C1F and other stress-inducible changes of upstream
regulatory complexes, we present a model to explain how C1F and other
upstream factors can synergistically activate grp78 transcription in
calcium-depleted cells.
Copyright © 1995, American Society for Microbiology
Transduction of calcium stress through interaction of the human transcription factor CBF with the proximal CCAAT regulatory element of the grp78/BiP promoter
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033-0800.
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