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Mol Cell Biol, February 1998, p. 1115-1124, Vol. 18, No. 2
0270-7306/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Invading the Yeast Nucleus: a Nuclear Localization Signal at the C Terminus of Ty1 Integrase Is Required for Transposition In Vivo

Margaret A. Kenna, Carrie Baker Brachmann, Scott E. Devine, and Jef D. Boeke*

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205

Received 5 September 1997/Returned for modification 22 October 1997/Accepted 7 November 1997

Retrotransposon Ty1 faces a formidable cell barrier during transposition---the yeast nuclear membrane which remains intact throughout the cell cycle. We investigated the mechanism by which transposition intermediates are transported from the cytoplasm (the presumed site of Ty1 DNA synthesis) to the nucleus, where they are integrated into the genome. Ty1 integrase has a nuclear localization signal (NLS) at its C terminus. Both full-length integrase and a C-terminal fragment localize to the nucleus. C-terminal deletion mutants in Ty1 integrase were used to map the putative NLS to the last 74 amino acid residues of integrase. Mutations in basic segments within this region decreased retrotransposition at least 50-fold in vivo. Furthermore, these mutant integrase proteins failed to localize to the nucleus. Production of virus-like particles, reverse transcriptase activity, and complete in vitro Ty1 integration resembled wild-type levels, consistent with failure of the mutant integrases to enter the nucleus.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205. Phone: (410) 955-2481. Fax: (410) 614-2987. E-mail: jef.boeke{at}qmail.bs.jhu.edu.




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