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Molecular and Cellular Biology, March 2000, p. 1659-1668, Vol. 20, No. 5
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Control of Human Telomere Length by TRF1 and TRF2

Agata Smogorzewska,1 Bas van Steensel,1,dagger Alessandro Bianchi,1,Dagger Stefan Oelmann,1,§ Matthias R. Schaefer,1,|| Gisela Schnapp,2 and Titia de Lange1,*

The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021,1 and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Biberach, Germany2

Received 10 August 1999/Returned for modification 5 October 1999/Accepted 18 November 1999

Telomere length in human cells is controlled by a homeostasis mechanism that involves telomerase and the negative regulator of telomere length, TRF1 (TTAGGG repeat binding factor 1). Here we report that TRF2, a TRF1-related protein previously implicated in protection of chromosome ends, is a second negative regulator of telomere length. Overexpression of TRF2 results in the progressive shortening of telomere length, similar to the phenotype observed with TRF1. However, while induction of TRF1 could be maintained over more than 300 population doublings and resulted in stable, short telomeres, the expression of exogenous TRF2 was extinguished and the telomeres eventually regained their original length. Consistent with their role in measuring telomere length, indirect immunofluorescence indicated that both TRF1 and TRF2 bind to duplex telomeric DNA in vivo and are more abundant on telomeres with long TTAGGG repeat tracts. Neither TRF1 nor TRF2 affected the expression level of telomerase. Furthermore, the presence of TRF1 or TRF2 on a short linear telomerase substrate did not inhibit the enzymatic activity of telomerase in vitro. These findings are consistent with the recently proposed t loop model of telomere length homeostasis in which telomerase-dependent telomere elongation is blocked by sequestration of the 3' telomere terminus in TRF1- and TRF2-induced telomeric loops.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Box 159, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021. Phone: (212) 327-8146. Fax: (212) 327-7147. Email: delange{at}rockvax.rockefeller.edu.

dagger Present address: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024.

Dagger Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

§ Present address: Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany.

|| Present address: Institute for Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, March 2000, p. 1659-1668, Vol. 20, No. 5
0270-7306/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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