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Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 2001, p. 289-297, Vol. 21, No. 1
0270-7306/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.21.1.289-297.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Stimulation of Homologous Recombination through
Targeted Cleavage by Chimeric Nucleases
Marina
Bibikova,1
Dana
Carroll,1,*
David J.
Segal,1,
Jonathan K.
Trautman,1
Jeff
Smith,2,3
Yang-Gyun
Kim,2,
and
Srinivasan
Chandrasegaran2,*
Department of Biochemistry, University of
Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
84132,1 and Department of
Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School
of Hygiene and Public Health,2 and
Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,3
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Received 28 August 2000/Returned for modification 2 October
2000/Accepted 5 October 2000
Chimeric nucleases that are hybrids between a nonspecific DNA
cleavage domain and a zinc finger DNA recognition domain were tested
for their ability to find and cleave their target sites in living
cells. Both engineered DNA substrates and the nucleases were
injected into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei, in which
DNA cleavage and subsequent homologous recombination were
observed. Specific cleavage required two inverted copies of the zinc
finger recognition site in close proximity, reflecting the need for
dimerization of the cleavage domain. Cleaved DNA molecules were
activated for homologous recombination; in optimum conditions,
essentially 100% of the substrate recombined, even though the DNA was
assembled into chromatin. The original nuclease has an 18-amino-acid
linker between the zinc finger and cleavage domains, and this enzyme cleaved in oocytes at paired sites separated by spacers in the range of
6 to 18 bp, with a rather sharp optimum at 8 bp. By shortening the
linker, we found that the range of effective site separations could be
narrowed significantly. With no intentional linker between the binding
and cleavage domains, only binding sites exactly 6 bp apart
supported efficient cleavage in oocytes. We also showed that two
chimeric enzymes with different binding specificities could collaborate
to stimulate recombination when their individual sites were
appropriately placed. Because the recognition specificity of zinc
fingers can be altered experimentally, this approach holds great
promise for inducing targeted recombination in a variety of organisms.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address for Dana Carroll:
Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt
Lake City, UT 84132. Phone: (801) 581-5977. Fax: (801) 581-7959. E-mail: carroll{at}path.utah.edu. Mailing address for
Srinivasan Chandrasegaran: Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205. Phone: (410) 614-2289. Fax:
(410) 955-0617. E-mail:
chandra{at}welchlink.welch.jhu.edu.

Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
92037.

Present address: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA
02139.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, January 2001, p. 289-297, Vol. 21, No. 1
0270-7306/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.21.1.289-297.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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