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Molecular and Cellular Biology, May 2002, p. 3437-3449, Vol. 22, No. 10
0270-7306/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MCB.22.10.3437-3449.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Alteration of Large-Scale Chromatin Structure by Estrogen Receptor

Anne C. Nye,1 Ramji R. Rajendran,1 David L. Stenoien,2 Michael A. Mancini,2 Benita S. Katzenellenbogen,1 and Andrew S. Belmont1*

Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,1 Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 770302

Received 19 December 2001/ Returned for modification 8 February 2002/ Accepted 18 February 2002

The estrogen receptor (ER), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily important in human physiology and disease, recruits coactivators which modify local chromatin structure. Here we describe effects of ER on large-scale chromatin structure as visualized in live cells. We targeted ER to gene-amplified chromosome arms containing large numbers of lac operator sites either directly, through a lac repressor-ER fusion protein (lac rep-ER), or indirectly, by fusing lac repressor with the ER interaction domain of the coactivator steroid receptor coactivator 1. Significant decondensation of large-scale chromatin structure, comparable to that produced by the ~150-fold-stronger viral protein 16 (VP16) transcriptional activator, was produced by ER in the absence of estradiol using both approaches. Addition of estradiol induced a partial reversal of this unfolding by green fluorescent protein-lac rep-ER but not by wild-type ER recruited by a lac repressor-SRC570-780 fusion protein. The chromatin decondensation activity did not require transcriptional activation by ER nor did it require ligand-induced coactivator interactions, and unfolding did not correlate with histone hyperacetylation. Ligand-induced coactivator interactions with helix 12 of ER were necessary for the partial refolding of chromatin in response to estradiol using the lac rep-ER tethering system. This work demonstrates that when tethered or recruited to DNA, ER possesses a novel large-scale chromatin unfolding activity.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: B107 CLSL, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801. Phone: (217) 244-2311. Fax: (217) 244-1648. E-mail: asbel{at}uiuc.edu.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, May 2002, p. 3437-3449, Vol. 22, No. 10
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/MCB.22.10.3437-3449.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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