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Molecular and Cellular Biology, February 2003, p. 1196-1208, Vol. 23, No. 4
0270-7306/03/$08.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.23.4.1196-1208.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Potentiation of Protein Kinase C
Activity by 15-Deoxy-
12,14-Prostaglandin J2 Induces an Imbalance between Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and NF-
B That Promotes Apoptosis in Macrophages
Antonio Castrillo,1,
Paqui G. Través,1 Paloma Martín-Sanz,1 Scott Parkinson,2 Peter J. Parker,2 and Lisardo Boscá1*
Instituto de Bioquímica (Centro Mixto CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Farmacia, and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28040 Madrid, Spain,1
Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom2
Received 8 May 2002/
Returned for modification 4 June 2002/
Accepted 21 November 2002
Activation of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transiently activates protein kinase C
(PKC
) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) through a phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-dependent pathway. Incubation of LPS-treated cells with the cyclopentenone 15-deoxy-
12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) promoted a sustained activation of PKC
and JNK and inhibited I
B kinase (IKK) and NF-
B activity. Accordingly, 15dPGJ2 induced an imbalance between JNK and IKK activities by increasing the former signaling pathway and inhibiting the latter signaling pathway. Under these conditions, apoptosis was significantly enhanced; this response was very dependent on PKC
and JNK activation. The effect of 15dPGJ2 on PKC
activity observed in LPS-activated macrophages was not dependent on a direct action of this prostaglandin on the enzyme but was due to the activation of a step upstream of PI3-kinase. Moreover, LPS promoted the redistribution of activated PKC
from the cytosol to the nucleus, a process that was enhanced by treatment of the cells with 15dPGJ2 that favored a persistent and broader distribution of PKC
in the nucleus. These results indicate that 15dPGJ2 and other cyclopentenone prostaglandins, through the sustained activation of PKC
, might contribute significantly to the process of resolution of inflammation by promoting apoptosis of activated macrophages.
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Phone: 3491 3941853. Fax: 3491 543 8649. E-mail:
boscal{at}farm.ucm.es.
Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, February 2003, p. 1196-1208, Vol. 23, No. 4
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.23.4.1196-1208.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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