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Molecular and Cellular Biology, May 2006, p. 3365-3377, Vol. 26, No. 9
0270-7306/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.26.9.3365-3377.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Sonic hedgehog Signaling Regulates Gli2 Transcriptional Activity by Suppressing Its Processing and Degradation{dagger}

Yong Pan,1 Chunyang Brian Bai,4,5 Alexandra L. Joyner,4,6 and Baolin Wang1,2,3*

Department of Genetic Medicine,1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology,2 Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, New York 10021,3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10061,4 Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 621, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,5 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 100616

Received 16 September 2005/ Returned for modification 20 October 2005/ Accepted 15 February 2006

Gli2 and Gli3 are the primary transcription factors that mediate Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signals in the mouse. Gli3 mainly acts as a transcriptional repressor, because the majority of full-length Gli3 protein is proteolytically processed. Gli2 is mostly regarded as a transcriptional activator, even though it is also suggested to have a weak repressing activity. What the molecular basis for its possible dual function is and how its activity is regulated by Shh signaling are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that unlike the results seen with Gli3 and Cubitus Interruptus, the fly homolog of Gli, only a minor fraction of Gli2 is proteolytically processed to form a transcriptional repressor in vivo and that in addition to being processed, Gli2 full-length protein is readily degraded. The degradation of Gli2 requires the phosphorylation of a cluster of numerous serine residues in its carboxyl terminus by protein kinase A and subsequently by casein kinase 1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3. The phosphorylated Gli2 interacts directly with ßTrCP in the SCF ubiquitin-ligase complex through two binding sites, which results in Gli2 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Both processing and degradation of Gli2 are suppressed by Shh signaling in vivo. Our findings provide the first demonstration of a molecular mechanism by which the Gli2 transcriptional activity is regulated by Shh signaling.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Room W404, New York, NY 10021. Phone: (212) 746-5357. Fax: (212) 746-8318. E-mail: baw2001{at}med.cornell.edu.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mcb.asm.org/.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, May 2006, p. 3365-3377, Vol. 26, No. 9
0270-7306/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.26.9.3365-3377.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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