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Molecular and Cellular Biology, April 2007, p. 3154-3164, Vol. 27, No. 8
0270-7306/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.01039-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Loss of the TOR Kinase Tor2 Mimics Nitrogen Starvation and Activates the Sexual Development Pathway in Fission Yeast{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Tomohiko Matsuo ,1,{ddagger},§ Yoko Otsubo,1,{ddagger} Jun Urano,2 Fuyuhiko Tamanoi,2 and Masayuki Yamamoto1*

Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-14892

Received 12 June 2006/ Returned for modification 24 July 2006/ Accepted 16 January 2007

Fission yeast has two TOR (target of rapamycin) kinases, namely Tor1 and Tor2. Tor1 is required for survival under stressed conditions, proper G1 arrest, and sexual development. In contrast, Tor2 is essential for growth. To analyze the functions of Tor2, we constructed two temperature-sensitive tor2 mutants. Interestingly, at the restrictive temperature, these mutants mimicked nitrogen starvation by arresting the cell cycle in G1 phase and initiating sexual development. Microarray analysis indicated that expression of nitrogen starvation-responsive genes was induced extensively when Tor2 function was suppressed, suggesting that Tor2 normally mediates a signal from the nitrogen source. As with mammalian and budding yeast TOR, we find that fission yeast TOR also forms multiprotein complexes analogous to TORC1 and TORC2. The raptor homologue, Mip1, likely forms a complex predominantly with Tor2, producing TORC1. The rictor/Avo3 homologue, Ste20, and the Avo1 homologue, Sin1, appear to form TORC2 mainly with Tor1 but may also bind Tor2. The Lst8 homologue, Wat1, binds to both Tor1 and Tor2. Our analysis shows, with respect to promotion of G1 arrest and sexual development, that the loss of Tor1 (TORC2) and the loss of Tor2 (TORC1) exhibit opposite effects. This highlights an intriguing functional relationship among TOR kinase complexes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Phone: 81 3 5841 4386. Fax: 81 3 5802 2042. E-mail: yamamoto{at}biochem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 29 January 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mcb.asm.org/.

{ddagger} T.M. and Y.O. made equal contributions to this work.

§ Present address: Department of Zoology and Animal Biology and National Center of Competence in Research Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.

Molecular and Cellular Biology, April 2007, p. 3154-3164, Vol. 27, No. 8
0270-7306/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/MCB.01039-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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