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MinireviewThe Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the KEAP1-NRF2 PathwayThe KEAP1-NRF2 pathway is the principal protective response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses. Under homeostatic conditions, KEAP1 forms part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which tightly regulates the activity of the transcription factor NRF2 by targeting it for ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. In response to stress, an intricate molecular mechanism facilitated by sensor cysteines within KEAP1 allows NRF2 to escape...
MinireviewWhen Long Noncoding Becomes Protein CodingRecent advancements in genetic and proteomic technologies have revealed that more of the genome encodes proteins than originally thought possible. Specifically, some putative long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been misannotated as noncoding. Numerous lncRNAs have been found to contain short open reading frames (sORFs) which have been overlooked because of their small size. Many of these sORFs encode small proteins or micropeptides with...
MinireviewTranscriptional and Epigenomic Regulation of AdipogenesisUnderstanding adipogenesis, the process of adipocyte development, may provide new ways to treat obesity and related metabolic diseases. Adipogenesis is controlled by coordinated actions of lineage-determining transcription factors and epigenomic regulators.
MinireviewTranslational Control during Cellular SenescenceSenescence is a state of long-term cell cycle arrest that arises in cells that have incurred sublethal damage. While senescent cells no longer replicate, they remain metabolically active and further develop unique and stable phenotypes that are not present in proliferating cells. On one hand, senescent cells increase in size, maintain an active mTORC1 complex, and produce and secrete a substantial amount of inflammatory proteins as part...
MinireviewLysine Demethylase KDM6A in Differentiation, Development, and CancerLysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A), also known as UTX, belongs to the KDM6 family of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylases, which also includes UTY and KDM6B (JMJD3). The KDM6A protein contains six tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains and an enzymatic Jumonji C (JmjC) domain that catalyzes the removal of di- and trimethylation on H3K27. KDM6A physically associates with histone H3 lysine 4 monomethyltransferases MLL3 (KMT2C) and MLL4 (...
Research Article | SpotlightNrf2 Suppresses Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in App Knock-In Alzheimer’s Disease Model MiceNrf2 (NF-E2-related-factor 2) is a stress-responsive transcription factor that protects cells against oxidative stresses. To clarify whether Nrf2 prevents Alzheimer’s disease (AD), AD model AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F knock-in (AppNLGF) mice were studied in combination with genetic Nrf2 induction model Keap1FA/FA mice. While AppNLGF mice displayed shorter latency to...
MinireviewLooking Down on NF-κBThe diversified NF-κB transcription factor family has been extensively characterized in organisms ranging from flies to humans. However, homologs of NF-κB and many upstream signaling components have recently been characterized in basal phyla, including Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, hydras, and jellyfish), Porifera (sponges), and single-celled protists, including Capsaspora...
Research ArticleOmomyc Reveals New Mechanisms To Inhibit the MYC OncogeneThe MYC oncogene is upregulated in human cancers by translocation, amplification, and mutation of cellular pathways that regulate Myc. Myc/Max heterodimers bind to E box sequences in the promoter regions of genes and activate transcription.
Research Article | SpotlightTranscriptome-Wide Comparison of Stress Granules and P-Bodies Reveals that Translation Plays a Major Role in RNA PartitioningThe eukaryotic cytosol contains multiple RNP granules, including P-bodies and stress granules. Three different methods have been used to describe the transcriptome of stress granules or P-bodies, but how these methods compare and how RNA partitioning occurs between P-bodies and stress granules have not been addressed. Here, we compare the analysis of the stress granule transcriptome based on differential centrifugation with and without...
Research ArticleAge-Dependent Ribosomal DNA Variations in MiceThe rRNA gene, which consists of tandem repetitive arrays (ribosomal DNA [rDNA] repeat), is one of the most unstable regions in the genome. The rDNA repeat in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known to become unstable as the cell ages. However, it is unclear how the rDNA repeat changes in aging mammalian cells. Using quantitative single-cell analyses, we...