Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Analysis of CLB2 mRNA levels through the cell cycle. (A) Comparison of CLB2 mRNA levels between wild-type and mutant strains carrying the nme1-P6 or cdc15-1 mutation. Cells were grown at 24°C, shifted to 37°C for 2 h, and RNA was isolated as described in Materials and Methods. An equal amount of RNA from each strain was subjected to Northern analysis. All blots were first probed for CLB2 mRNA and subsequently for ACT1 mRNA. The locations of the relevant transcripts are shown (wild-type, MES111-140; nme1-P6, MES111-P6; cdc15-1, TLG136). (B) Analysis of CLB2 mRNA levels in cell cycle-synchronized S. cerevisiae. Wild-type (MES111-140) and nme1-P6 mutant (MES111-P6) strains were grown to 106 cells/ml at 25°C in SCD, arrested in hydroxyurea for 2 h at 25°C, and then shifted to 37°C for 1 h. Cells were then washed to remove the hydroxyurea, resuspended in fresh medium, and maintained at 37°C. Total RNA was made at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min after release from hydroxyurea arrest (see Materials and Methods). RNA was harvested at the indicated times, and CLB2 and ACT1 mRNA levels were measured. Cell synchrony and release from arrest were monitored by examination of cell budding and morphology. The signals corresponding to the CLB2 and ACT1 mRNAs are shown.
- FIG. 2.
Degradation of CLB2 mRNA in the nme1-P6 mutant. Wild-type (MES111-140) and nme1-P6 mutant (MES111-P6) strains were arrested in hydroxyurea for 2 h at 25°C and then shifted to 37°C for 1 h. Cells were then washed to remove the hydroxyurea, resuspended in fresh medium, and maintained at 37°C for 60 min. The transcriptional inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline was added, and RNA was harvested at the indicated times (see Materials and Methods). The CLB2 and ACT1 mRNAs are shown.
- FIG. 3.
In vitro cleavage of the CLB2 5′-UTR by RNase MRP. (A) Internally labeled RNA substrates containing the rRNA A3 cleavage site (positive control), the CLB2 5′-UTR or the 5.8S rRNA (noncleaved control RNA) were generated. Highly pure yeast RNase MRP was purified with the TAP tag protocol and used in a standard RNase MRP in vitro assay (3, 22). (B) The schematic indicates the source of the RNA substrates and the sizes of the RNAs.
- FIG. 4.
In vitro cleavage of the CLB2 5′-UTR and mapping of cleavage sites. (A) 3′-end-labeled RNA substrates containing the rRNA A3 cleavage site (positive control) and a 268-nucleotide CLB2 5′-UTR were generated. Highly pure yeast RNase MRP was purified with the TAP tag protocol and used in a standard RNase MRP in vitro assay (3, 22). Increasing amounts of enzyme were used in the assay: from left to right, 0 ng, 20 ng, 40 ng, 80 ng, 200 ng, and 800 ng of protein for both substrates. (B) A second RNase MRP assay was performed exactly as in panel A but then subjected to primer extension with the primer O-CLB2-12 (34). The positions of the cleavage sites are shown in Fig. 5.
- FIG. 5.
CLB2 5′-UTR. Both DNA strands are shown, with the transcribed RNA above. The major transcriptional initiation sites are at positions 6 and 39. The translational initiation site is at position 400 in this figure. Sites of both in vitro cleavage by RNase MRP and mapped in vivo ends are indicated. Numbering of cleavage sites corresponds to the positions in Fig. 4. O-CLB2-10 and O-CLB2-12 are the two major oligonucleotides used in primer extension reactions.
- FIG. 6.
Both RNase MRP and Xrn1 participate in CLB2 mRNA degradation. The relevant genotypes of the yeast strains used are indicated; complete genotypes can be found in Table 1 (wild-type, MES111-140; nme1-P6, MES11-P6; xrn1Δ, TLG105; xrn1Δ nme1-P6, TLG105-P6; clb2Δ, YJA103). Cells were grown at 24°C, and equal amounts of RNA (based on both rRNA staining [bottom panel] and subsequent ACT1 mRNA analysis) were subjected to Northern analysis for the CLB2 mRNA. The CLB2 mRNA is indicated.
- FIG. 7.
Identification of in vivo-generated RNase MRP products. Primer extension was performed on the same RNA used in Fig. 6 (34), with an oligonucleotide that hybridizes from positions −240 to −218 (from the CLB2 translational start). Previously identified full-length and novel xrn1Δ-specific ends are indicated (14). Lanes 1 to 4, wild-type, xrn1Δ, nme1-P6, and xrn1Δ nme1-P6, respectively. A sequencing reaction generated with the same primer on a plasmid version of the CLB2 gene is shown.
- FIG. 8.
Model of the role of RNase MRP in cell cycle control. Based on our results, RNase MRP is responsible for degradation of the CLB2 mRNA. This is accomplished by processing the CLB2 mRNA in its 5′-UTR, resulting in an uncapped transcript. This uncapped transcript is then efficiently degraded by the Xrn1 5′-3′ exoribonuclease. Defects in RNase MRP increase levels of the CLB2 mRNA, producing more Clb2 protein. Sustained levels of Clb2 protein keep the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 active and inhibit the end of mitosis. Genetic interactions between RNase MRP and the exit from the mitosis pathway may indicate potential regulation points of RNase MRP or a bypass involving activation of the Clb2 protein degradation pathway (4).
Tables
- TABLE 1.
S. cerevisiae strains used in this study
Strain Genotype Reference MES111 MATα his3-Δ200 leu2-3,112 ura3-52 trp1-Δ1 ade2 nme1-Δ2::TRP1 pMES127[CEN URA3 NME1] 37 MES111-140 MATα his3-Δ200 leu2-3,112 ura3-52 trp1-Δ1 ade2 nme1-Δ2::TRP1 pMES140[CEN LEU2 NME1] 37 MES111-P6 MATα his3-Δ200 leu2-3,112 ura3-52 trp1-Δ1 ade2 nme1-Δ2::TRP1 pMES140-P6[CEN LEU2 nme1-P6] 37 TLG105-140 MATα his3-Δ200 leu2-3,112 ura3-52 trp1-Δ1 ade2 nme1-Δ2::TRP1 xrn1-Δ1::KanMX4 pMES140[CEN LEU2 NME1] This study TLG105-P6 MATα his3-Δ200, leu2-3,112 ura3-52 trp1-Δ1 ade2 nme1-Δ2::TRP1 xrn1-Δ1::KanMX4 pMES140-P6[CEN LEU2 nme1-P6] This study TLG136 MATa ade2-1 his3-Δ200 leu2-3,112 trp1-Δ1 ura3-52 cdc15-1 This study YJA103 MATα ade2-1 his3-Δ200 leu2-3,112 met15 trp1-Δ1 ura3-52 nme1-Δ2::TRP1 clb2Δ::KanMX4 pMES140 [LEU2, CEN, NME1] 4 YSW1 MATa POP4::TAPTAG::TRP1ks pep4::LEU2 nuc1::LEU2 sep1::URA3 trp1-1 his3-11,15 can-100 ura3-1 leu2-3,112 This study
